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Water contaminated with heavy metals is a major menace for aquatic life and human health consequently its efficient removal remains a crucial challenge for researcher. The utilization of various photocatalytic nanohybrids to synergistically photo-reduce and adsorb heavy metals is a potent strategy to combat water pollution. This book chapter give an overview of the fundamental principle of photocatalysis and various single, binary, ternary and quaternary nanohybrids employed for simultaneous photoreduction and adsorption of heavy metals with its mechanistic insight. Further, conclusion and future prospective as well as limitation of available nanohybrids were addressed. We hope that this book chapter dispenses some noticeable information to heavy metal ions removal from polluted water.

N-6-furfuryl adenine (N6FA) also known as "kinetin" is a biologically active natural phytochemical. It belongs to the category of cytokinins, the natural plant growth hormones that promote cell division and play role in cell differentiation. Overall, N6FA aids in increasing the plant's life span. Human cells also contain.small quantities of N6FA. Scientists are trying to understand its function in humans. N6FA is being investigated for its properties such as antiplatelet, antioxidant, antiproliferative and anti-aging effects on human cells. The aim of the present investigation was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) based topical formulations of N6FA and to evaluate its efficacy against ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced skin photodamage. SLNs were prepared by hot microemulsion technique and optimized for the type and concentration of lipid and surfactant(s). The optimized SLN formulation was characterized in terms of particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, zeta potential and pH; evaluated for stability, spreadability, ex-vivo skin permeation and photoprotective effects against UV induced skin damage. The cumulative amount of drug permeated through mice skin using SLNs was 3 folds higher than from conventional cream base. The results of biochemical and histopathological investigations of skin treated with N6FA loaded SLNs clearly demonstrated the efficacy of optimized formulation in preventing photodamage (lesions, ulcers and changes in skin integrity) due to chronic UV exposure. The effects were comparable with widely used marketed formulation, Garnier wrinkle lift anti-aging cream. Results suggested that N6FA incorporated into SLNs may provide therapeutic as well as cosmeceutical benefits.

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