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Over the past few decades, the heritage designation process has come to impact on the way of life of many nomadic pastoralists across the world. Since the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted in 1972, policies for the conservation of protected areas have been implemented under the aegis of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), especially in countries of the South, with a varying impact on the practices and perceptions of pastoral communities. Heritage policies were further extended by the establishment of the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage (the Convention was adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in October 2003 and came into force in 2006) and the list of Cultural Landscapes (adoption in 1992, with the first site listed in 1993). This enthusiasm for heritage, which is felt by States and local communities alike, provides an opportunity to study the contradictions and changing perceptions of the nomadic and pastoral identity. In this context of wholesale heritage designation, it is interesting to examine how local knowledge - especially that on hardy animal breeds - is promoted and safeguarded. The authors focus on the case of Morocco, where the national association of sheep and goat breeders (ANOC) oversees breed selection and health policy for local breeds, in order to demonstrate that greater recognition of farmers' knowledge and their ability to identify hardy animals can ensure the sustainability of farms in both South and North from a socio-economic, genetic and health standpoint.

La brucellose ovine a été jusqu’il y a peu responsable de nombreux abattages sanitaires dans le sud de la France. Elle est transmissible aux humains par le lait et le fromage frais, et possède le statut de maladie professionnelle pour les éleveurs. Au milieu des années 1980, elle a affecté des troupeaux transhumants cévenols dans un contexte de politiques sanitaires contradictoires entre départements de provenance et de destination. L’article décrit cette crise brucellique à laquelle l’anthropologue été mêlée en tant qu’expert : le rôle des vétérinaires, celui des pouvoirs publics, mais aussi le traitement judiciaire de l’épizootie et sa perception par les éleveurs. Il montre qu’une des retombées positives de cette crise a été l’instauration d’une vaccination efficace, aboutissant à l’éradication de la brucellose.

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