Outsourcing in the criminal justice system is experiencing growth in the not-for-profit sector in many Western countries. There is, however, no indication of this trend in the Danish Prison and Probation Service. On the contrary, the collaboration between the penal voluntary sector and the Danish Prison and Probation Service is not formalised and knowledge about the penal voluntary sector in Denmark is scarce. This article uses original empirical data to map out the delivery of rehabilitative programmes by the penal voluntary organisations within prison and probation facilities. It also addresses the challenges and potentials of the informal collaboration between the Danish Prison and Probation Service and the penal voluntary  sector.

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The pre-dispute phase, during which justiciable problems may or may not emerge and transform into legal cases, is complex. Based on a meta-ethnography of 572 articles, all of which apply or refer to Felstiner et al.'s pioneering linear framework of naming, blaming, and claiming, we analysed the many sorting mechanisms that are at play in the pre-dispute phase. We identified the institutional, political, cultural, and legal environments of various action arenas and the involvement of negotiating audiences as particularly important elements. Moreover, we found that the injured party's experiences and handling of a justiciable problem do not necessarily follow a predetermined chronology. Rather, we suggest that the process is dynamic and iterative, where the justiciable problem is repeatedly (re)named, (re)blamed, and (re)claimed, before it transforms into a legal case, develops in an alternative direction, or remains unchanged.

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