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High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), which is used for residue analysis in food, has gained wider acceptance in the last few years. This development is due to the availability of more rugged, sensitive, and selective instrumentation. The benefits provided by HRMS over classical unit-mass-resolution tandem mass spectrometry are considerable. These benefits include the collection of full-scan spectra, which provides greater insight into the composition of a sample. Consequently, the analyst has the freedom to measure compounds without previous compound-specific tuning, the possibility of retrospective data analysis, and the capability of performing structural elucidations of unknown or suspected compounds. HRMS strongly competes with classical tandem mass spectrometry in the field of quantitative multiresidue methods (e.g., pesticides and veterinary drugs). It is one of the most promising tools when moving towards nontargeted approaches. Certain hardware and software issues still have to be addressed by the instrument manufacturers for it to dislodge tandem mass spectrometry from its position as the standard trace analysis tool.

Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ratios as provided by tandem mass spectrometers are used to confirm positive residue findings (e.g. veterinary drugs or pesticides). The Commission Decision 2002/657/EEC defines tolerance levels for MRM ratios, which are intended to prevent the reporting of false positives. This paper reports findings where blank sample extracts have been spiked by a drug (difloxacin) and the corresponding measured MRM ratios significantly deviated from MRM ratios observed in matrix-free solution. The observation was explained by the formation of two different [M+H](+) analyte ions within the electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. These two ions vary only by the site of analyte protonation. Since they are isobaric, they are equally transmitted through the first quadrupole, but are differently fragmented in the collision chamber. The existence of two isobaric ions was deduced by statistical data and the observation of a doubly charged analyte ion. It was hypothesized that the combined presence of [M+H](+) and [M+2H](2+) implies the existence of two different singly charged ion species differing only by the site of protonation. Low- and high-energy interface-induced fragmentation was performed on the samples. The surviving precursor ion population was mass selected and again fragmented in the collision chamber. Equal product ion spectra would be expected. However, very different product ion spectra were observed for the two interface regimes. This is consistent with the assumption that the two postulated isobaric precursor ions show different stability in the interface. Hence the abundance ratio among the two types of surviving precursor ions will shift and change the resulting product ion spectra. The existence of the postulated singly charged ions with multiple chargeable sites was finally confirmed by successful ion mobility separation.

The quantitative and confirmative performance of two different mass spectrometry (MS) techniques (high-resolution MS and tandem MS) was critically compared. Evaluated was a new extraction and clean-up protocol which was developed to cover more than 100 different veterinary drugs at trace levels in a number of animal tissues and honey matrices. Both detection techniques, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (single-stage Orbitrap instrument operated at 50 000 full width at half maximum) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) (quadrupole technology) were used to validate the method according to the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EEC. Equal or even a slightly better quantitative performance was observed for the HRMS-based approach. Sensitivity is higher for unit mass resolution MS/MS if only a subset of the 100 compounds has to be monitored. Confirmation of suspected positive findings can be done by evaluating the intensity ratio between different MS/MS transitions, or by accurate mass based product ion traces (no precursor selection applied). MS/MS relies on compound-specific optimized transitions; hence the second, confirmatory transition generally shows relatively high ion abundance (fragmentation efficacy). This is often not the case in single-stage HRMS, since a generic (not compound-optimized) collision energy is applied. Hence, confirmation of analytes present at low levels is superior when performed by MS/MS. Slightly better precision, but poorer accuracy (fortified matrix extracts versus pure standard solution) of ion ratios were observed when comparing data obtained by HRMS versus MS/MS.