Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate on protein deposits including the beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. AGEs interact with the "receptor for advanced glycation endproducts", and transmit their signals using intracellular reactive oxygen species as second messengers. Ultimately, AGEs induce the expression of a variety of pro-inflammatory markers including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Antioxidants that act intracellularly, including polyphenols, have been shown to scavenge these "signaling" reactive oxygen species, and thus perform in an anti-inflammatory capacity. This study tested the pure compounds apigenin and diosmetin as well as extracts from silymarin, uva ursi (bearberry) and green olive leaf for their ability to attenuate AGE-induced NO and TNF-alpha production. All five tested samples inhibited BSA-AGE-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Apigenin and diosmetin were most potent, and exhibited EC(50) values approximately 10 microM. In contrast, TNF-alpha expression was only reduced by apigenin, diosmetin and silymarin; not by the bearberry and green olive leaf extracts. In addition, the silymarin and bearberry extracts caused significant cell death at concentrations >or=10 microg/mL and >or=50 microg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that plant-derived polyphenols might offer therapeutic opportunities to delay the progression of AGE-mediated and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts-mediated neuro-inflammatory diseases including Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia disorder of later life. Although there might be various different triggering events in the early stages of the disease, they appear to converge on a few characteristic final pathways in the late stages, characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we review the hypothesis that advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which reflect carbonyl stress, an imbalance between the production of reactive carbonyl compounds and their detoxification, can serve as biomarkers for the progression of disorder. AGE modification may explain many of the neuropathological and biochemical features of AD, such as extensive protein cross-linking shown as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Although accumulation of AGEs is a normal feature of aging, it appears to be significantly accelerated in AD. We suggest that higher AGE concentrations in brain tissue and in cerebrospinal fluid might be able to distinguish between normal aging and AD.

activity of β-carotene loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) from binary mixtures of palm stearin and palm olein, HELIYON, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08913. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Destabilization of oil-water emulsion in coconut milk, in the production of virgin coconut oil (VCO), ABSTRAKDestabilisasi emulsi minyak-air pada santan kelapa yang menghasilkan virgin coconut oil (VCO) dapat dipercepat dengan bantuan fermentasi bakteri asam laktat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karakteristik fisikokimia dan antibakteri yang dimiliki oleh VCO asal kelapa hibrida dengan metode fermentasi Lactobacillus casei galur komersial Yakult® dan Lactobacillus plantarum isolat mandai dan blondo kelapa terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Uji fisikokimia meliputi volume, berat jenis, kadar air, bilangan penyabunan, bilangan peroksida, dan uji asam lemak bebas. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode sumur difusi dengan kloramfenikol sebagai kontrol positif. L. casei menghasilkan VCO-BAL dalam persentase volume secara signifikan (p<0.05) lebih besar (34.5% v/v) dibandingkan VCO-BAL asal L. plantarum asal isolat mandai (29.5% v/v) dan blondo kelapa (25.3% v/v). VCO-BAL asal L. casei memiliki berat jenis paling ringan (0.84±0.04 g.mL -1 ). Rerata kadar air (0.03-0.05%), bilangan penyabunan (161.3-163.6), bilangan peroksida (0.53-0.86), bilangan asam lemak bebas (0.11-0.12%) dari VCO-BAL tidak berbeda signifikan (p>0.05) dibandingkan VCO non BAL. VCO-BAL asal L. plantarum isolat blondo kelapa tidak menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang signifikan (p>0.05) berbeda dibandingkan dengan VCO non BAL. VCO-BAL asal L. casei secara signifikan (p<0.05) memiliki zona penghambatan terbaik terhadap E. coli, yaitu 6.45±0.50 mm (58.3% dari kontrol positif) dan S. aureus, yaitu 5.23±0.40 (51.3% dari kontrol positif), dibandingkan kedua VCO-BAL asal L. plantarum. Aktivitas antibakteri VCO-BAL diduga kuat dipengaruhi oleh bakteriosin hidrofobik.

Around 7% of the study population aged 45-65 years reported the use of SSRIs or SNRIs, decreasing to 5% above 70 years of age. It is of concern that some individuals used an SSRI concurrently with St John's wort.