Brazil is one of the largest ethanol biofuel producers and exporters in the world and its production has increased steadily during the last three decades. The increasing efficiency of Brazilian ethanol plants has been evident due to the many technological contributions. As far as yeast is concerned, few publications are available regarding the industrial fermentation processes in Brazil. The present paper reports on a yeast selection program performed during the last 12 years aimed at selecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains suitable for fermentation of sugar cane substrates (cane juice and molasses) with cell recycle, as it is conducted in Brazilian bioethanol plants. As a result, some evidence is presented showing the positive impact of selected yeast strains in increasing ethanol yield and reducing production costs, due to their higher fermentation performance (high ethanol yield, reduced glycerol and foam formation, maintenance of high viability during recycling and very high implantation capability into industrial fermenters). Results also suggest that the great yeast biodiversity found in distillery environments could be an important source of strains. This is because during yeast cell recycling, selective pressure (an adaptive evolution) is imposed on cells, leading to strains with higher tolerance to the stressful conditions of the industrial fermentation.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains widely used for industrial fuel-ethanol production have been developed by selection, but their underlying beneficial genetic polymorphisms remain unknown. Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of the S. cerevisiae strain CAT-1, which is a dominant fuel-ethanol fermentative strain from the sugarcane industry in Brazil. Our results indicate that strain CAT-1 is a highly heterozygous diploid yeast strain, and the ~12-Mb genome of CAT-1, when compared with the reference S228c genome, contains ~36,000 homozygous and ~30,000 heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms, exhibiting an uneven distribution among chromosomes due to large genomic regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). In total, 58 % of the 6,652 predicted protein-coding genes of the CAT-1 genome constitute different alleles when compared with the genes present in the reference S288c genome. The CAT-1 genome contains a reduced number of transposable elements, as well as several gene deletions and duplications, especially at telomeric regions, some correlated with several of the physiological characteristics of this industrial fuel-ethanol strain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that some genes were likely associated with traits important for bioethanol production. Identifying and characterizing the allelic variations controlling traits relevant to industrial fermentation should provide the basis for a forward genetics approach for developing better fermenting yeast strains.
RESUMO: Com o objetivo de avaliar a conservação do extrato fluido da amêndoa de castanha-do-pará (conhecido como leite de castanha), executou-se a pasteurização com e sem adição de conservantes químicos e armazenou-se o produto sob refrigeração. Monitorou-se o produto, ao longo de um período de 180 dias de armazenamento, através de análises microbiológicas e das análises físico-químicas de acidez titulável e de pH. Os tratamentos que receberam conservantes químicos foram os mais estáveis microbiologicamente e obtiveram pH e acidez titulável mais equilibrados. A ausência de coliformes totais e fecais demonstrou a eficiência da pasteurização. Concluiu-se que a pasteurização só é um método viável de conservação do leite de castanha se associada à adição de conservantes e à refrigeração. Palavras-chave: Bertholletia excelsa, conservação, castanha-do-pará, leite de castanha CONSERVATION OF BRAZIL NUT EXTRACTABSTRACT: Pasteurization of a Brazil nut extract with and without addition of chemical preservatives and the storage of this product under refrigeration was performed to evaluate the conservation of this extract. The product was monitored during 180 days by microbiological, physical and chemical analysis including titratable acidity and pH. Treatments with chemical preservatives were microbiologically stable and titratable acidity and pH were equilibrated. Absence of total and fecal coliforms demonstrated the pasteurization efficiency. It is concluded that the pasteurization is only a viable method for preservation of the Brazil nut extract when associated with chemical preservatives and refrigeration. Key words: Bertholletia excelsa, conservation, Brasil nut, Brasil nut milk INTRODUÇÃOA castanha-do-pará, ou castanha-do-brasil, semente da castanheira-do-pará, Bertholletia excelsa, H.B. e K., da família das Lecitidáceas, é cultivada em toda a Amazônia e considerada uma das maiores riquezas nas regiões dos castanhais (Vianna, 1972).Para Locatelli & Souza (1990), a castanha-do-pará tem alto valor econômico devido ao aproveitamento de suas amêndoas (que contêm cerca de 60 a 70% de lipídios e 15 a 20% de proteínas, segundo Ribeiro (1992)) na alimentação humana e animal, "in natura", ou transformadas em vários subprodutos.O beneficiamento pode ou não ser feito. As castanhas com casca podem ser vendidas desidratadas ou semidesidratadas ou ainda a granel (sem beneficiamento). As castanhas sem casca (amêndoas) são obtidas quebrando-se manualmente e podem ser vendidas com ou sem película. Devido ao formato irregular, há uma grande porcentagem que se quebra (Vianna, 1972). Segundo Sant'anna (1985), aproximadamente 10% delas se quebram, reduzindo seu valor comercial a apenas 60% do das castanhas perfeitas e a utilização dessa quantidade, bem como parte da produção na forma de subprodutos, é alternativa para o aproveitamento dessa matéria-prima de alto valor agroindustrial. Yokoya et al. (1971) consideram que o armazenamento e a conservação da castanha-do-pará constituem os problemas mais importantes para sua comercialização. ...
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade do método de Acton na determinação de lactose em queijo tipo Minas Frescal e, para isso estudou-se a porcentagem de recuperação de lactose adicionada a amostras dos queijos, em diferentes situações. As recuperações variam de 99,1% e 103,7% , e os melhores resultados em torno de 100%, obtidos para as amostras preparadas contendo até 40 <FONT FACE="Symbol">m</font>g de lactose / ml. Os queijos tipo Minas Frescal, de três lotes diferentes com três queijos por lote, foram adquiridos no comércio de Piracicaba, SP aos dois dias de fabricação e nesse mesmo dia, analisados para o teor de lactose. Os resultados variaram de 2,36% a 2,47% no lote 1; 2,68% a 3,03% no lote 2 e 2,19% a 2,48% no lote 3, mostrando, assim, boa uniformidade dentro dos lotes e pequena variação entre estes, mas, todos os valores apresentaram-se dentro das faixas comumente encontradas para este tipo de queijo.
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