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La minería ilegal constituye un importante problema en naciones como Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia y Colombia, con graves afectaciones al medio ambiente y que tiene repercusiones en materias sensibles como la trata de personas o la financiación de grupos criminales organizados. La legislación penal de estos estados descansa su aplicación en la sanción de los actos mineros desarrollados sin la autorización administrativa en el marco de leyes que no siempre son claras y se extiende a supuestos como la aportación de financiación o medios peligrosos a los mineros. Sin embargo, las leyes penales de los estados no son siempre uniformes. Además, se dificulta la cooperación judicial internacional y existen limitaciones para la actuación de los ministerios públicos y las autoridades policiales de las distintas naciones afectadas.

According to the Treaty on European Union (TEU), the mutual recognition principle is the cornerstone of mutual cooperation between judicial authorities in Europe. The few instruments approved since the Lisbon Treaty show an unsystematic extension of the ground for refusal principle, and the existing instruments have been amended only once. The list of offences that may give rise to surrender without verification of the double criminality of the act has not been updated yet.

Abstract:During the seventies, archaeological looting, of both land and underwater sites, not only was widespread in Spain, but also went unpunished. This situation stemmed from a lack of effective administrative and criminal legislation, human resources to combat the plague, and educational policies warning of how harmful such practices were, in spite of damning reports in the media and the social alarm raised in certain professional and political fields. The new political and social phase that began with the Constitution of 1978 has enabled the country to overcome this situation in three ways: first, by passing new, more appropriate administrative and criminal laws to help combat looting and illicit trade; second, through the creation of new regional governments (the autonomous communities) able to enforce these laws, and which have hired archaeologists specializing in cultural heritage management. The fight against the criminal aspect of looting and the illicit trade of antiquities has also been intensified by the creation of police and prosecuting bodies dedicated to the area of cultural heritage, among others. Last, educational policies have been put in place to help increase social awareness of the importance of our cultural heritage and the global loss its destruction represents. In this article we will present the first two points that have improved the initial situation as regards archaeological looting and the illicit trade of looted goods.

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