The nature and extent of the political and cultural influence of the Tiwanaku state (ca. A.D. 500—1100) in the Azapa Valley of northern Chile are debated topics. The absolute chronology of these contacts also remains somewhat unclear. Much of the debate has centered on the origins and chronological position of the Tiwanaku-related black-on-red ceramic style called Cabuza. In order to reevaluate the chronological position of the Cabuza, Maytas-Chiribaya, and San Miguel ceramic styles and associated cultural phases of the Azapa Valley, we obtained a total of 16 new radiocarbon dates for the Azapa-6, Azapa- 71a, Azapa-141, and Azapa-143 cemeteries. All but one sample dated to the Late Intermediate period (ca.A.D. 1000-1450). We compare our results with previously published radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates and carry out Bayesian probability calculations, establishing the most likely chronological ranges for the three ceramic styles. Based on this research, we argue that the undeniable Tiwanaku influence seen in the Azapa Valley more likely reflects processes set in motion by the collapse of the Tiwanaku state rather than an attempt to colonize or indirectly control the Azapa Valley during the Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 550-1000).
Desde 1998, un equipo arqueológico finlandés-boliviano viene realizando excavaciones en el cantón Cascachi (Provincia Los Andes, Departamento de La Paz). En este artículo discutimos los resultados de nuestras investigaciones en la isla de Pariti, realizadas los años [2004][2005][2006]. Nos concentramos en la descripción y el análisis del material cultural recuperado en dos bolsones llenos de cerámica tiwanakota quebrada intencionalmente, datados en la segunda mitad del siglo X d.C. Estos bolsones -llamados rasgos 1 y 2-contenían tiestos pertenecientes a por lo menos 435 vasijas, la mayoría de las cuales pudimos reconstruir en mayor o menor medida. La colección resultante incluye 56 kerus, 67 ch'alladores, 43 tazones, 82 escudillas, 26 botellones, 24 fuentes con pedestal, 7 wako retratos, 7 tinajas y 6 sahumadores, es decir, formas típicas tiwanakotas. Sin embargo, hay también una cantidad alta de vasijas de formas inéditas en la bibliografía arqueológica y/o poco conocidas, como las 45 denominadas vasijas "arriñonadas". La colección de Pariti forma parte de una de las muestras más importantes de cerámica tiwanakota tardía en los Andes Sur Centrales y ofrece muchos datos nuevos para el mejor entendimiento del fenómeno Tiwanaku.Palabras claves: arqueología, Tiwanaku, cerámica votiva, Lago Titicaca, Andes Sur Centrales, Bolivia. Las crónicas coloniales señalan que el Lago Titicaca jugaba un rol religioso muy importante en el siglo XVI, ubicándose en Copacabana y las islas del Sol y de la Luna uno de los complejos de templos más importantes del Tawantinsuyu (Cobo 1990(Cobo [1653Ramos Gavilán 1988[1621 Since 1998, a team of Finnish and Bolivian archaeologists have been excavating in the Canton of Cascachi (Los Andes Province, Department of La Paz). In this article we discuss the results of our investigations on the Island of
Archaeologists have been using luminescence to date pottery in South America since the late 1970s, inspired by early success in northern Chile. However, luminescence dates have not been rigorously compared to independent dating methods, which this paper’s goal. First, we present a compilation of 94 paired 14C and luminescence dates from the southern Andes, which reveals discrepancies across a range of contexts and ages. Second, we compare two Bayesian models of sets of 14C and thermoluminescence (TL) dates from three ceramic styles in the Azapa Valley, Chile, and the Inca occupation of Mendoza, Argentina. We find that only the 14C models produce results that agree with expectations based on independent data. Third, we present results from a pilot study in Mendoza that dated 6 sherds with 3 luminescence methods each and closely associated 14C dates. The reasons for disagreement between methods remain unclear, but Andean sediments with low and unstable luminescence sensitivity seem to be an important factor. Even though some luminescence ages are accurate, the clear trend of inconsistent results leads us to recommend that archaeologists use 14C rather than luminescence dates to build cultural chronologies.
ResumenLa ofrenda cerámica Tiwanaku de la isla Pariti (lago Titicaca), exhumada y reconstruida entre los años 2004 y 2006, es la colección más importante de cerámica entera contextualizada de la arqueología de Tiwanaku.Sus características de recuperación y su variedad morfológica e iconográfica permiten un estudio mixto, que enfatiza el rol de los distintos recipientes cerámicos en la ceremonia comensalista, y los significados de los motivos y colores decorativos. El estudio de estos elementos y de la ubicación de las piezas al interior de los rasgos votivos, sugiere que el conjunto de Pariti es un sistema ordenado según contenidos narrativos, que permitía a los participantes posicionarse respecto a otros colectivos sociales humanos y no humanos mediante la performance social. Finalmente, planteamos un enfoque alternativo en la interpretación de la variedad cerámica de Tiwanaku, que se aleja de la visión dominante en la que ésta es vista como correlato directo de etnicidad y/o posición social, para centrarse en el rol de la performance de los objetos y la lectura de contenidos iconográficos como generadores de identidades.Palabras claves: Andes Centro-Sur -Pariti -Horizonte Medio -cerámica -iconografía -performance. AbstractThe Tiwanaku ceramic offering of the island of Pariti (Lake Titicaca), was excavated and reconstructed in [2004][2005][2006], is the most important collection of (semi) intact ceramic vessels recovered from a secure context for the the archaeology of Tiwanaku. Their characteristics of recovery and its morphological and iconographic variability, allow us to develop a mixed study, emphasizing the role of the distinct ceramic vessels in the commensal ceremony, and the significance of the decorative motifs and colors. The study of these elements and of the placement of the artifacts within the votive contexts leads us to interpret this assemblage as a system arranged according to narrative contents, which through social performance allowed the participants to position themselves in relation to other human and non-human social collectives. Finally, we suggest an alternative interpretation of the variability of Tiwanaku pottery, which draws away from the predominant view of this variability as a direct correlate of ethnicity and/or social position, focusing instead on the performative role of the artifacts and the interpretation of iconographical contents as creators of identities.
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