Abstract:A differentiation between all types of melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions (MnM-SK) is a challenging task for both computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and dermatologists due to the complex structure of patterns. The dermatologists are widely using pattern analysis as a first step with clinical attributes to recognize all categories of pigmented skin lesions (PSLs). To increase the diagnostic accuracy of CAD systems, a new pattern classification algorithm is proposed to predict skin lesions patterns by integrating the majority voting (MV-SVM) scheme with multi-class support vector machine (SVM). The optimal color and texture features are also extracted from each region-of-interest (ROI) dermoscopy image and then these normalized features are fed into an MV-SVM classifier to recognize seven classes. The overall system is evaluated using a dataset of 350 dermoscopy images (50 ROIs per class). On average, the sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 84%, 93% of accuracy and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.94 are achieved by the proposed MnM-SK system compared to state-of-the-art methods. The obtained result indicates that the MnM-SK system is successful for obtaining the high level of diagnostic accuracy. Thus, it can be used as an alternative pattern classification system to differentiate among all types of pigmented skin lesions (PSLs).

Diabetes mellitus has high global prevalence and occurrence and is considered to bean endocrinological and/or metabolic disorder. Conventional drug treatment is costly and has toxic side effects, although it is successful in treating diabetes mellitus. If effective and less toxic, herbal medicine will thus include alternative therapy. This research has been designed to investigate the role of Grewia asiatica extract in the control of diabetes in male albino rats with Streptozotocin mediated type 2 diabetes. Grewia asiatica fruit extract at a dose of 200mg/kg was given to Streptozotocin mediated type II DM Rats. A known anti-diabetic drug, Glibenclamide has been used as a standard drug. The method of the research was to monitor the effect of Grewia asiatica on the blood glucose level of Rats. In this study, Rats were split into four categories i.e. Control, Streptozotocin treated, Streptozotocin + Glibenclamide treated and Streptozotocin +Grewia asiatica extract-treated group.  Grewia asiatica fruit extract significantly improve the blood glucose levels as compared to the standard drug Glibenclamide in Streptozotocin mediated diabetic group. Conclusion: It was concluded that Grewia asiatica may be used in the treatment of diabetes or decreasing the elevated level of blood sugar.

Nitrogen is an important plant nutrient that has a significant role in crop yield. Hence, to fulfill the needs of sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to improve biological nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops. Nod inducing gene families plays a crucial role in the interaction between rhizobia and legumes, leading to biological nitrogen fixation. However, nod inducing genes identification and characterization has not yet been performed in Arachis hypogaea. In this study, identification and genome-wide analysis of nod inducing genes are performed so that to explore their potential functions in the Arachis hypogaea for the first time. Nod genes were comprehensively analyzed by phylogenetic clustering analysis, gene structure determination, detection of conserved motifs, subcellular localization, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements and promoter region analysis. This study identified 42 Nod inducing genes in Arachis hypogaea, their sequences were submitted to NCBI and accession numbers were obtained. Potential involvement of these genes in biological nitrogen fixation has been unraveled, such as, phylogenetic analysis revealed that nod inducing genes evolved independently in Arachis hypogaea, the amino acid structures exhibited 20 highly conserved motifs, the proteins are present at different locations in cells and the gene structures revealed that all the genes are full-length genes with upstream intronic regions. Further, the promoter analysis determined a large number of cis-regulatory elements involved in nodulation. Moreover, this study not only provides identification and characterization of genes underlying developmental and functional stages of nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation but also lays the foundation for further revelation of nod inducing gene family. Besides, identification and structural analysis of these genes in Arachis hypogaea may provide a theoretical basis for the study of evolutionary relationships in future analysis.

Objectives: The present investigation is concerned with formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing antidiabetic drug, glimepiride, to circumvent the first pass effect and to improve its bioavailability with reduction in dosing frequency and dose related side effects. Methods: The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The tablets were tested for weight variation, hardness, surface pH, drug content uniformity, percentage swelling index, bio adhesive strength, exvivo residence time in-vitro drug dissolution study, in-vitro drug release kinetic study, ex-vivo permeation study and stability study. Results: FTIR studies showed no evidence on interactions between drug, polymers, and excipients. The surface pH, bio adhesive strength, ex-vivo residence timeand swelling index of formulation was found to be 6.80±0.02, 36.3±0.04g, 325min and 289.8±0.52%, respectively. The formulation containing 4 mg of glimepiride exhibited 6 h sustained drug release i.e. 93.98±0.8% with desired therapeutic concentration. The drug permeation from the formulation was slow and steady and 3.56 mg of glimepiride could permeate through sheep buccal membrane with a flux of 0.27 mg hr-1 cm-2 . The in-vitro release kinetics studies reveal that all formulations fits well with zero order kinetics and followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Conclusion: Hence, it was concluded that the best formulation was suitable for all the evaluation parameters and can be permeated through human buccal mucosa.