Never
before has electricity been generated out of metal oxides
without using any light (UV/IR), acid, or alkali, but it has been
achieved by adding a few drops of water on nanoporous metal oxide
based Hydroelectric cell (HEC) at room temperature. Electricity generation
has been validated and unified for six different metal oxides based
on the principle of water dissociation at oxygen deficient nonporous
pellet. The presence of oxygen vacancies on the surface of all metal
oxide samples has been confirmed by Raman and Photoluminescence spectroscopy
techniques. Tin oxide (SnO2) based HEC has delivered maximum
power ∼16.6 mW in a 4.48 cm2 cell area with highest
current 22.2 mA, approximately 2.075 times higher than reported 8
mA current in ferrite based HEC. Water chemidissociation at metal
oxide surface was found to be reinforced predominantly by electronegativity
of metal cations and oxygen vacancies on nanoporous surface. Divergent
peak current values ranging from 22.2 to 1.1 mA were obtained depending
on internal resistance, grain boundary nature, water molecule dissociation
capability, and nanopores connectivity in different oxides. Slow diffusion
of ions in certain metal oxides due to high impedance of grain boundaries
has reduced current as confirmed by dielectric and impedance spectroscopy.
Metal oxide HEC provides an ecofriendly, cost-effective, and portable
green energy source with almost no running cost.
Nanophasic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3
(LSMO) samples were prepared by the sol–gel method. The
samples were sintered at different temperatures ranging from 600 to
1000 °C. It is shown that the transport and magnetoresistive properties
of LSMO samples strongly depend on the sintering temperature
(Ts). A substantial decrease in the insulator–metal transition temperature
(TIM) and an enhancement in resistivity are found on lowering the sintering
temperature. Furthermore, a reduction in magnetization and a slight
decrease in paramagnetic–ferromagnetic (PM–FM) transition temperatures
(Tc) have been observed as the sintering temperature decreases. The magnetoresistance (MR) at
T
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