Reconstruction represents an opportunity to achieve sustainable development for each cities and buildings destroyed by wars and disasters. Many previous studies highlighted reconstruction although their presentation in most cases was general and selective in adopting some aspects but not others. The research problem was determined by the lack clear vision to the possibility for adopting sustainable development, with its multiple dimensions, is in reconstruction of both cities and buildings, so that the Objective of the Research is to present the most organized and clear knowledge in a way that serves the reality of the local situation by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach for several studies and applied experiences. The research has realized distinction for the importance of each of the organizational, institutional and Cultural dimensions in reconstruction along with all the economic, social and environmental dimensions in a way that achieves sustainable development based on multiple Basis, principles, and techniques that contribute in their entirety to the advancement of the reality of cities and buildings after wars and disasters, which therefore requires the necessity of taking them into account in the local experience of reconstruction.
لقد أفرزت الطروحات المعمارية المعاصرة أفكار ومفاهيم جديدة وتزايد الاهتمام بهذه المفاهيم، وتم تداولها محليا على الصعيد الأكاديمي والمهني وإن ما يبدو مهما الآن هو توضيح خصوصية مثل تلك المفاهيم بدلا من الاقتصار على ترديدها بدون أن يصاحبها وعي يهدف إلى توظيف فحوى الفكر على مفردات الواقع المحلي. ومن بين أهم تلك المفاهيم برز مفهوم الإزاحة وعلاقته بمسألة الفكرة والشكل وما تهدف من خلاله العملية التصميمية إلى التفرد في الفكرة... وجودة التعبير عنها بالشكل، إذ يمكن تفسير التفرد بالعمل المعماري على أنه إزاحة للتفكير عن النمط السائد والمستند إلى معالجة المشكلة التصميمية بعمق بعيدا عن المعالجات السطحية. يوفر هذا البحث مناقشة لمفهوم الإزاحة وفق الفكر المعماري المعاصر للكشف عن الإطار النظري... من خلال مناقشة أهم الطروحات النظرية والممارسات التطبيقية لهذا المفهوم بالوصف والتحليل والتركيز على أهم الأسس التي استند عليها مفهوم الإزاحة لخلق الأعمال المعمارية المتفردة ومنها عمارة المساجد.
Addition is regarded as one of the imp rtant concepts which has accompanied humanculture from time memorial in its various aspects of thinking, sc ience, and art.Thus, addition in architecture which represents a cultural product embodying man's thought, his social needs and demands was reflected in theory and practice through different historical era. Each era added to the previous one something new and distinctive serving development and growth. At present, the importance of this concept has emerged after an increased call to invest in the heritage and re-ernploy it in new attempts after adding to it, thus achieving an architecture that keeps up with progress and development, as manif( Sted in all fields of life. The issue of this paper pointed out the iack of knowledge a bout the crem ive nature of addition, which is connected to the designer in Contemporary Iraqi Architecture Thus; the main goal of this research is to.give the most efficient and :learest image to define this nature. The research has adopted four main steps which cover firstly theoretical study of creative product. Secondly, a comprehensive conceptual framework is built to describe creative nature of addition in architecture (its levels and characteristics). Th rdly, this framework is applied to selected examples of contemporary architecture in Iraq to extract the nature of creative addition. In this research we found the- special feature of addition in contempo,ary Iraqi architectural products has been explored becau•se it is a creative and inventive addition with derivative nature at the conceptual and physical levels, by adcpting assembly technique to achieve original and appropriate addition taking into consideration theoretical content and the nature of form elements.
The phenomenon of informal building Spread recently in Iraqi residential areas, in general, and in Baghdad, in particular, due to the urgent housing need, on the one hand, and lack of commitment to building controls, on the other hand, to highlight the phenomenon of uncommitted building to controls and housing governing legislation in Iraq, leading to heterogeneity in both building densities and plot areas, and disorder in the urban fabric and urban escape of those areas. Research problem identified as the absence of a clear vision about the General aspects of the phenomenon of informal building in residential street scene, and the role of designed housing projects as a substitute for informal building in built residential areas. The designed housing projects (single or multi story buildings), which designed and constructed accordance to the approved planning and construction regulations and legislation, as one of the solution to the housing crisis, that achieve the harmonious at each level of the urban fabric and urban escape. Accordingly the research hypothesis stated as "the designed housing projects achieve homogeneous formal unity in residential street scene". This paper deals with the role of designed residential projects to reduce the phenomenon of informal building and heterogeneity in the urban escape of built residential areas, by identifying the phenomenon in residential areas, in general, and in selected area in Baghdad, in particular, first, and present a designed housing projects ( global and local) that achieve homogeneous formal unity at the level of the urban escape, second, the research identified the principles and the elements of the residential street scene and the organization bases that can be a substitute for the informal building and the heterogeneity of the urban escape in built residential areas, third.
يعد معهوم الشفافية أحد المفاهيم المهمة التي برزت في القرن العشرين والتي تصف خصائص النتاج الحضاري بصورة عامة ، وخصائص النتاج الفني والمعماري بصورة خاصة ، وقد تعددت الدراسات التي تناولت مفهوم الشفافية في العمارة وتطرفت إلى العديد من جوانبه والتي برز فيها أهمية الجوانب الشكلية والمعنوية في تحقيق المفهوم ، ألا أن هذه الدراسات ارتبطت بصورة رئيسية بالعمارة الغربية وتوجهاتها ولم ينل هذا المفهوم القسط الكافي من البحث والتحليل فيما يخص العمارة العربية التقليدية منها والمعاصرة مما استدعى قيام هذا البحث . جاءت مشكلة البحث لتنص على عدم وجود معرفة كافية بطبيعة الجوانب الشكلية والمعنوية لمفهوم الشفافية في العمارة العربية التقليدية والمعاصرة ، وجاء هدف البحث ليحدد طبيعة تلك الجوانب ، أما البحت فقد تمثل بعدة خطوات ، أولها تحديد إطار مفاهيمي للشفافية في العمارة بشكل عام من المعرفة المعمارية السابقة (العالمية والعربية) ومن ثم بناء فرضية البحث وانتخاب مجموعة من الأبنية التقليدية والمعاصرة لغرض التطبيق وصولا إلى تحليل النتائج وتحديد الاستنتاجات. توصل البحث إلى اعتماد العمارة العربية التقليدية والمعاصرة على كل من الجوانب الشكلية والمعنوية في تحقيقها لمفهوم الشفافية مع تباين في تركيز كل منهما على جوانب محددة دون غيرها والذي يعود إلى طبيعة التوجه نحو الداخل السائد في العمارة التقليدية في حين تعتمد العمارة المعاصرة على الانفتاح نحو الخارج فضلا عن استخدامها للفضاءات الوسطية المفتوحة.
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