In order to study the toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sourced from different seasons on human health, we collected PM2.5 samples quarterly from March 2016 to February 2017 in Nanjing, China. The component analysis results showed that high proportions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), SO42−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were found in the summer samples, while high proportions of NO3−, NH4+ and heavy metals were observed in the spring and winter samples. Then human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to the PM2.5 samples. The toxicological results indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the spring and winter samples was higher than that in the summer and fall samples, which was related to the contribution of some heavy metals and inorganic ions (e.g., Pb and NO3−). However, the apoptosis rates of the cells showed the opposite seasonal changes as what the ROS did, which might be caused by the higher WSOC content in the summer. In addition, regression analysis also showed the importance of the PM2.5 components in ROS production and apoptosis. Particularly, Zn had the strongest correlation with ROS production (R = 0.863) and cell apoptosis (R = 0.675); thus, the specific toxicity of Zn in PM2.5 deserves further investigation. Our results could be beneficial for assessing the health risks and controlling the toxic components of PM2.5 in Nanjing.

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Abstract. Brand communication is the need of newly formed non-governmental regular universities outside the plastic image and enhancing reputation; is the need of cohesion and cohesive forces; and is the need to expand the survival and development space. The brand communication strategy of newly formed non-governmental regular universities including development positioning, outstanding characteristics, integrated communication, team building. Its spread ways including the use of campus media build three-dimensional propaganda network, expand social media reputation to borrow, thanks to new media, and grasp the opportunity for publicity campaign. IntroductionIndependent college is a new period of our country's higher education system reform and innovation of running, the system design of the independent college grafting dual advantages of social capital and the maternal universities, obtained the rapid development on a high starting point. At the same time, the independent college also exposed many problems in the rapid development, restricts the sustainable and healthy development of the higher education in our country. From the goal of higher education reform and development in our country and the development of higher education in the developed countries experience, independent colleges will be timely and orderly transfer to completely independent non-governmental ordinary undergraduate course colleges and universities, is not only the requirement of the national policy guidance, and deepening the reform of higher education running system, promoting the sustainable development of private higher education healthy, the necessary of serving local economic and social transformation.According to the independent college setting and management method, independent colleges turn to private universities have examples of successful. From 2008 to 2009, the national first batch of 5 independent college success for private universities. From 2011 to 2016, there are 57 independent college turned to run by the local undergraduate colleges and universities. After set, how to under the premise of "quality first", making scientific planning and a strong brand communication is an important task of non-governmental regular universities facing. The necessity of newly formed non-governmental regular universities' brand communication Brand communication is the need of newly formed non-governmental regular universities outside the plastic image and enhancing reputationIndependent college after set to run by the local undergraduate colleges and universities, the name is changed. Because giving up maternal signboard of state-run universities, unite the two sides of the most important link is disconnected. Rings out of school, new school brand effect is affected, social influence and visibility is reduced, difficult to gain social acceptance. From names of the new school, newly formed non-governmental regular universities have not understudied to outer provinces with a new and strange names appeared in front of candidates and parents, in...