Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Juniperus communis (L.), originated from east part of Kosova, was investigated. The essential oil from berries of J. communis (L.), obtained by hydro-distillation was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Antimicrobial properties of the essential oil of J. communis (L.) are investigated and results are submitted for their activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Applying the agar disc diffusion technique, we measured diameters of the inhibition zone around discs, which are previously wetted with DMF solution of the essential oil with three different concentrations, 1, 3 and 5 mg mL −1 . Analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 41 peaks, representing 96% of the oil. Berry essential oil composed mainly of monoterpenoids which amounted to 83%, of which 69.4% was monoterpene hydrocarbons. The main monoterpene hydrocarbons were α-pinene (36.2%) and β-myrcene (21.1%). The sesquiterpene accounted for about 13.4% of the total oil composition. Germacrene D (2.2%), α-cadinol (1.6%), α-humulene (1.5%), spathulenol (1.4%), epi-α-bisabolol (1.3%) and germacrene B (1.1%) were the main constituents of the sesquiterpenes. The inhibition zone depends from concentrations and also from sort of bacteria. The inhibition zones differ from 0-39 mm. The present work presents the chemical composition of the hydrodistilled oil of J. communis (L.) from East part of Kosova and the results are compared to those reported in the literature. This study demonstrates the occurrence of α-pinene chemotype of J. communis (L.) from east part of Kosova. The essential oil of J. communis (L.) growing wild in Kosova, showed moderate to high activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to the essential oil of J. communis (L.) growing wild in east part of Kosova.

T his study investigates today's plant species richness and composition in cultivated and recently abandoned arable land of Kosovo. Relationships between these aspects of vegetation and both environmental features and agricultural management measures are studied at the regional and plot scale. In 2006, 432 vegetation relevés with a standard plot size of 25 m² were recorded in cultivated fields. In 2007, data collection focussed on 41 plots in arable fields that had been abandoned the year before. With respect to the environment, data analysis accounts for topography, soil base-richness and moisture, and geographic location. As to the management, crops and weed control are considered. A total number of 235 species was documented. In comparison to literature dating back to about 1980, the regional weed flora considerably changed. At the plot scale, today's weed flora of Kosovo is fairly species-poor and species composition is rather uniform between plots. According to General Regression Model analyses, Indicator Species Analyses and Detrended Correspondence Analyses, species richness and composition mainly differ between crops and weed management, with highest mean species richness in recently abandoned and lowest in herbicide-treated maize fields.

During 2015 a laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out to explore the allelopathic potential of different plant parts of Siberian iris (Iris sibirica) on wild oat (Avena fatua) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) early growth. The aqueous filtrates of Siberian iris rhizomes produced a strong inhibitory effect on germination, radicle and hypocotyl length and seedling weight of wild oat. Contrary, germination, radicle and hypocotyl length of wild oat was not significantly reduced by any Siberian iris leafs filtrate concentrations, but seedling weight of wild oat was significantly reduced at the 1/1 and 3/4 filtrate concentrations of Siberian iris leafs, relative to control. Similar, germination, hypocotyl length and seedling weight of Canada thistle, were significantly affected by the aqueous filtrates of Siberian iris rhizomes, and while same parameters were none significantly reduced by the aqueous leaves filtrates of Siberian iris in compare with the control. In green house experiment, all treatment with different Siberian iris rhizomes residues significantly affected density, height and fresh weight of wild oat plants. Opposite, no one treatment by Siberian iris leaf residues caused significant reduction of plants density, height and fresh weight of the wild oat plants in compare with the control. All Siberian iris mixtures with rhizomes residues highly significant decreased Canada thistle plants density in average for 60.1%, and fresh weight for 60.3% in compare with the control. No one treatment by Siberian iris leaf residues caused significant reduction of plants density and height of Canada thistle, but 1/1 and 1/2 residues mixtures of Siberian iris leaf significantly reduced its fresh weight.

The importance of herbicides for weed control in wheat crop is extensively studied, but there is limited research about their impact on the chemical content of wheat grain. With the aim to analyse the effect of five commonly used herbicides on the chemical content of winter wheat crop (cv. Euclide) grown on Vertisol soil, field trial was carried out during 2012-13 in the central part of Kosovo. The five applied post-emergence herbicides were: Sekator WG (a.i. iodosulfuron-methyl-natrium + amidosulfuron + mefenpyr-diethyl-protectant), Lintur 70 WG (a.i. triasulfuron + dicamba), Granstar 75 WG (a.i. tribenuronmethyl), Mustang (a.i. florasulam + 2,4-D 2-EH) and a combination of Sekator WG (a.i. iodosulfuron-methyl-natrium + amidosulfuron + mefenpyr-diethylprotectant) + Furore super EW (a.i. fenoxaprop-P-ethyl). There were seven treatments: five herbicide treatments, mechanical control (hand check) and an untreated control. The field trial was set in a randomized block design with four replications and elementary plots of 9 m 2. The chemical content of wheat grain (crude proteins, crude fibre, fat, starch, ash and moisture) was analysed using NIRS technique. Milled samples of 20 g were placed in special boxes and sealed with a lid of cardboard and placed in the NIRS's apparatus for the analyses. Three replications for each treatment were used for the statistical analysis. There was significant effect of herbicides for crude proteins (F 2.21 = 5.10, p < 0.05), fat content (F 2.21 = 5.36, p < 0.05), crude fibre (F 2.21 = 13.0, p < 0.05) and ash (F 2.21 = 2.84, p < 0.05). However, no significant effect of the herbicides on starch content was observed. Based on our results we suggest to additionally consider the effects of herbicides on the chemical content of wheat grain in the process of choosing appropriate herbicides for weed control.