An efficient cross-layer approach should provide schemes to avoid all the aforementioned sources of energy waste by promoting novel trade-offs between layers to enhance the wireless communication process and simultaneously extend the network lifetime. Taxonomy: cross-layer approaches for WBANsIn this section, the different studies are classified by the communication layers involved in each cross-layer strategy. This survey details how each approach works (as described by the authors in the original paper), its main problems and shortcomings that represent open issues for future research, and a critical analysis of the performance results as originally presented by the authors.

This research highlights the potential applications of noninvasive acquisition techniques in biomechanical analysis. This is useful in the mechanical characterization of bony structures and in the design of prostheses.

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According to data from the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), traditional treatments for repairing defects in bone tissue are mostly the use of fixation devices and prostheses, however, although to a lesser extent bone substitutes are also used [1]. The objective of the grafts is to provide mechanical stability in the affected area, however, it is possible that there are problems due to inadequate osseointegration, therefore the mechanical stability sought in the bone tissue is not achieved.