The coastlines have been identified as the most vulnerable regions with respect to hydrological hazards as a result of climate change and variability. The east of peninsular Malaysia is not an exception for this, considering the evidence of heavy rainfall resulting in floods as an annual phenomenon and also water scarcity due to long dry spells in the region. This study examines recent trends in rainfall and rainfallrelated extremes such as, maximum daily rainfall, number of rainy days, average rainfall intensity, heavy rainfall days, extreme rainfall days, and precipitation concentration index in the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. Recent 40 years (1971-2010) rainfall records from 54 stations along the east coast of peninsular Malaysia have been analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and the Sen's slope method. The Monte Carlo simulation technique has been used to determine the field significance of the regional trends. The results showed that there was a substantial increase in the annual rainfall as well as the rainfall during the monsoon period. Also, there was an increase in the number of heavy rainfall days during the past four decades.

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The assessment of trends in river flows has become of interest to the scientific community in order to understand the changing characteristics of flow due to climate change. In this study, the trends in river flow of Dukan Dam located in the northern part of Iraq were assessed. The assessment was carried out for the period 1964 to 2013 using Sen’s slope and the Mann–Kendall test. Sen’s slope was used to assess the magnitude of change while the Mann–Kendall trend test was used to confirm the significance of trends. The results of the study showed that there was a decreasing trend in river flow both annually and for all individual months. The highest decreasing trend of −5.08846 m3/month was noticed in April, while the lowest change of −1.06022 m3/month was noticed in November. The annual flow also showed a significant decrease at a rate of −1.912 m3/year at a 95% level of confidence. Additionally, the findings of the study also confirmed that a decrease in precipitation and the construction of hydraulic structures reduced the flow in the river. The findings of the study suggest that decreasing trends may cause a water-scarce situation in the future if proper adaptation measures are not taken.

Dinamika dan perubahan yang terjadi saat ini begitu dinamis, terlebih di era revolusi industri 4.0 atau disebut sebagai revolusi digital yang diindikasikan oleh perubahan  yang sangat besar di semua bidang berbasis teknologi. Perubahan juga terjadi di bidang Pendidikan yang mana dituntut dapat berjalan beriringan sesuai dengan perubahan yang ada agar dapat menghasilkan sumber daya daya manusia pendidikan tinggi yang memiliki kualitas tinggi yang juga inovatif, kreatif, dan efisien. Oleh karena itu, untuk menghadapi kondisi tersebut Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan membuat kebijakan terkait Pendidikan diantaranya kebijakan Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM). Kebijakan MBKM memberikan kebebasan dan otonomi kepada Lembaga Pendidikan, dan merdeka dari birokratisasi, dosen dibebaskan dari birokrasi yang berbelit serta mahasiswa diberikan kebebasan dalam memilih bidang yang mereka minati. Terjadi pergeseran bentuk pembelajaran sehingga menjadi peluang dan tantangan bagi perguruan tinggi dalam memfasilitasi model pembelajaran yang mampu menghadapi tantangan jaman dan menuju kampus yang bermutu dan bereputasi.

Water balance approaches have been widely used to stimulate and forecast the average runoff and river discharge in small- and medium-sized basins. The analysis of water balance for Feesh Khabour River and Dohuk Dam catchment areas needs to be verified. This study used 24 alternative scenarios for assessing the robustness of adaptation decisions to water management practices. The discharge of Feesh Khabour River recorded at Zakho station, with a maximum flow rate of higher than 19.6 m cm d−1 and a minimum flow rate of 0.3 m cm d−1, helps ensure that interbasin water transfer remains one of the most attractive alternatives for increasing the amount of water available in the Dohuk Dam for agricultural, domestic and tourism uses.