This study assesses interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory’s (IPARTheory’s) prediction that adults’ (both men’s and women’s) remembrances of parental (both maternal and paternal) rejection in childhood are likely to be associated with adults’ fear of intimacy, as mediated by adults’ psychological maladjustment and relationship anxiety. The study also assesses the prediction that these associations will not vary significantly by gender, ethnicity, language, culture, or other such defining conditions. To test these predictions a sample of 3,483 young adults in 13 nations responded to the mother and father versions of the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (short forms), Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (short form), the Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire, the Fear of Intimacy Scale, and the Revised Personal Information Form. Results of multigroup analyses showed that adults’ remembrances of both maternal and paternal rejection in childhood independently predicted men’s and women’s fear of intimacy in all 13 countries. However, remembered maternal rejection was a significantly stronger predictor of adults’ fear of intimacy than was remembered paternal rejection. Results also confirmed the prediction in all 13 countries and across both genders that both maternal and paternal rejection independently predicted adults’ psychological maladjustment and relationship anxiety, which in turn predicted fear of intimacy. In addition, psychological maladjustment partially mediated the relation between remembrances of maternal and paternal rejection, and adults’ fear of intimacy in all 13 countries and both genders.

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The purpose of this research, which was carried out for the first time in Greece, is to focus on the early detection of preschool children's internalizing problems, according to their teachers' perceptions. The participants, 77 preschool teachers of 77 half-day and all-day preschool classes from the thirteen regions of Greece, completed: (a) the "Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF) for ages 1½-5" of Achenbach (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2009) and (b) the "Demographic Questionnaire" (Doni, 2015), considering 1.234 mixed gender (617 boys and 617 girls) children 4-6 years of age. According to the results, preschool teachers detected internalizing problems in 10.4 % of the children, of whom 6.9% was included in the clinical range, while 3.5% was included in the borderline range. The highest rate, 10.9 % of the children, was included in either clinical or borderline range for withdrawal syndrome. Boys had higher rates of internalizing problems than girls. Moreover in all-day preschools, preschool teachers detected more cases of children with emotional reactivity. These findings could be useful in future studies specialized on children's social and emotional functioning, in a future revision of universities curricula associated with early childhood education, as well as in preschool teachers' training programs, by including modules related to the accurate and early detection and treatment of internalizing problems experienced by preschoolers.

Present study examined the ECPARQ with four different higher order techniques (Bifactor EFA, Bifactor CFA, Bifactor ESEM, Second-order CFA) plus a simple CFA (ICM CFA), evaluating a total of 19 models. All models were tested twice, one for the ECPARQ Mother version and one for the Father version. For each version, alternative models were tested with 2, 3 and 4-factor structures. All models were tested having item 13 both in the intended factor and alternatively in the Warmth factor. This comparison was made to empirically answer in what factor the item 13 belongs. All higher order models had an adequate fit, suggesting thus the theoretical construct of the Warmth dimension of Parenting is supported for the Greek cultural context, although further investigation is necessary. ICM-CFA had equally adequate fit, thus preferable based on parsimony. All models tested having item 13 in the Warmth factor had superior fit in comparison to their counterparts with item 13 in the Indifference/Neglect factor. Internal consistency reliability was adequate.