Objective:The present cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate and compare the soft tissue growth changes between males and females of two groups from 8 to 16 years.Materials and Methods:One hundred sixty skeletal class I lateral head cephalograms were screened aged between 8 to 16 years-Subjects were divided into two groups. Group I (8 to 12 years) and Group II (12 to 16 years) and further these groups were subdivided into male and female subgroups. Total eight linear and four angular parameters were studied.Results:All the parameters increased in their dimension while angle of total facial convexity including nose and Nasolabialangle decreases. Among the linear variables, Noseheight, Lip thickness at laberale inferious, Lip thickness at B point, Soft tissue chin thickness and Measurements of lips to E-plane were found significant for both subgroups. While rest of the linear variables like Upper lip height, Lower lip height, Nose depth and Sagittal depth also increased but this increase wasfound non-significant. Among the angular parameters angle of total facial convexity including nose and Nasolabialangle decreases and angle of facial convexity excluding nose, and Nose inclination increases with the age, and these changes were found non-significant.Conclusion:In this study, we observed that males showed a greater value of all parameters in comparison to females, and with the advancement of age, all the parameters increased, except for angle of total facial convexity and nasolabial angle.

Background:Controversies exist in the literature regarding the management of complex fractures of the calcaneum. We evaluated a series of complex fractures of the calcaneum managed by ligamentotaxis using Joshi's external stabilization system (JESS) for its efficacy.Materials and Methods:Forty-five patients having complex (comminuted, intra-articular fracture with compromised soft tissue condition) fractures of the calcaneum, who were treated by external fixator (JESS) based on the principle of ligamentotaxis. The gradual distraction was done to bring the articular margins together to maintain both alpha and beta angles to near normal range. Thirteen (28.9%) patients underwent additional corticocancellous bone grafting with elevation of posterior facet. All patients were evaluated for their functional outcomes by American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle society (AOFAS) Score for the ankle and hind foot. Mean duration of follow-up was 20.5 months.Results:Forty-two (93.4%) of our patients did well with the ligamentotaxis. On evaluating final outcomes by AOFAS, approximately 71% of cases showed good results. Eleven patients (24.4%) complained of persistent heel pain in the long-term follow-up. Out of these, eight (17.8%) patients were those who had severe comminution with almost total loss of calcaneal height. The origin of heel pain was not the subtalar joint in all of these patients.On long-term follow-up none of these patients suffered from such severe pain so as to compel them to change the nature of their activity.Conclusion:We conclude that ligamentotaxis by JESS provides a viable and user-friendly alternative method of management of these complex calcaneal fractures.

River Kosi, an important tributary of river Ramganga, is one of the important rivers of Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh After traveling for about 100 kms in lower Himalayas with higher velocity, it emerges at Ramnagar in Indo-Gangetic plains. Here, the major portion of city sewage is discharged into it. Then, it flows through the famous rice belt area of Kashipur, where a number of polluting industries discharge their highly polluted effluents into it. To determine the extent of pollution in downstream district Rampur, a study was conducted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dilution caused by the merger of river Rajera with Kosi River. For this samples, were collected from three stations and analyzed for various parameters for the period of one year. The study revealed higher levels of industrial pollution as compared to domestic pollution. It also shows the alleviating effects of dilution caused by the merger of river Rajera.

Osteochondroma (OC) of the mandibular condyle is a relatively rare condition that causes a progressive enlargement of the condyle, usually resulting in facial asymmetry, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, and malocclusion. Radiographically, there is a unilaterally enlarged condyle usually with an exophytic outgrowth of the tumor from the condylar head. We present a case of a left mandibular condylar OC that created a major facial asymmetry, malocclusion, and TMJ dysfunction. Discussion includes the rationale for treatment and the method used in this case. In actively growing OCs, surgical intervention is indicated to remove the tumor stopping the benign growth process and improve facial symmetry, occlusion, and jaw function.

Background:Implant for fixation of neglected fracture lateral condyle humerus remains an issue of controversy. This study compares the clinical and radiological outcome of fixation with Kirschner wire (K-wire) and with cancellous screw (CS) in neglected fracture lateral condyle humerus.Materials and Methods:42 patients of neglected lateral condyle humerus fracture, treated either by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with K-wire or ORIF with CS were included in study. The comparisons were made in term of slab immobilization time, union time, improved range of motion (ROM), final achieved carrying angle, and functional outcome measured by Liverpool Elbow Score (LES).Results:There were 22 patients in Group I with mean age 7.8 years and 20 patients in Group II with mean age 7.3 years. Mean delay in presentation was 12.9 versus 15.6 weeks (P > 0.05). Mean followup was 26.9 versus 26.7 months. Mean duration of immobilization was 11.6 versus 9.4 weeks (P < 0.001). Improved carrying angle was 6.8° versus 9.7° (P < 0.05). Mean gain in ROM was 17.7° versus 27.5° (P < 0.05). Mean LES was 8.15 versus 8.18 (P > 0.05). Premature closure of physis was observed in two patients. Pin tract infection was seen in three of Group I (P > 0.05).Conclusion:There was no difference in LES, irrespective of implant used. Screw was better in terms of duration of slab, improvement in carrying angle and ROM.