INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disorder of multiple aetiologies, where alteration is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Diabetes mellitus affects more than 230 million people worldwide and this number is expected to reach 350 million by 2025. Type-2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes accounting for 90% of the cases. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with significant long-term squeal, particularly damage and/or dysfunction and failure of various organs, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, heart and blood vessels. 1

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A brain tumor is an uncontrolled cell proliferation, a mass of tissue composed of cells that grow and divide abnormally and appear to be uncontrollable by the processes that normally control normal cells. Approximately 25,690 primary malignant brain tumors are discovered each year, 70% of which originate in glial cells. It has been observed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the distribution of drugs into the tumour environment, which complicates the oncological therapy of malignant brain tumours. Numerous studies have found that nanocarriers have demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy in brain diseases. This review, based on a non-systematic search of the existing literature, provides an update on the existing knowledge of the types of dendrimers, synthesis methods, and mechanisms of action in relation to brain tumours. It also discusses the use of dendrimers in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours and the future possibilities of dendrimers. Dendrimers are of particular interest in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours because they can transport biochemical agents across the BBB to the tumour and into the brain after systemic administration. Dendrimers are being used to develop novel therapeutics such as prolonged release of drugs, immunotherapy, and antineoplastic effects. The use of PAMAM, PPI, PLL and surface engineered dendrimers has proven revolutionary in the effective diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours.

Malaysia has high prevalence of obesity in young adults. Obesity leads to health problems such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It is a condition where nocturnal breathing cessation occurs during sleep. Thus, the quantity and quality of sleep is affected. Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS) is a standardized tool to determine the quality of sleep. The aim of this study was to find the relationship between students’ sleep quality using this questionnaire and their anthropometric measurements. This study adopted a cross-sectional study design, with the convenience sampling technique applied on students of a private university in Malaysia. The participants answered the ESS questionnaire. Their height, weight, neck circumference, and abdominal circumference were obtained and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. This study was conducted on 200 students with a mean age of 21.55 years. Their average BMI was 23.24 ± 6.1. The mean duration of sleep in the study population was 6.3 ± 1.4 SD hours. In the study population, the mean score for ESS was 10.32. A negative correlation between ESS scores and the BMI was noted. Pearson correlation showed —0.026 with a significance of 0.712. ESS scores showed that 17.9% of the study population had high risk of developing OSA. This study shows that as the BMI increases, the quality of sleep decreases, although it is not statistically significant.

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