Medicinal plant derived compound have an important role in the development of many clinically useful agents. Catharanthus roseus is a significant medicinal plant of the Apocynaceae family. Catharanthus roseus plant is used for different disease treatment such as skin cancer, Hodgkin's disease, breast cancer, and lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of this study is conferring the comparative abundances of different phytochemicals, physiochemical and fluorescence analysis from Catharanthus roseus. Some of the chemical constituent's tests have been performed for phytochemical analysis. Fluorescence analysis was done by using dried powder mixed with different chemicals and have been observed under UV light (365 nm) and ordinary light. Total ash, acid insoluble ash, and moisture have been selected for physiochemical analysis. The precipitate formation or colour change was used as analytical answers for phytochemical analysis. The result of fluorescence analysis observed under UV light (365nm) and ordinary light by observing colour changes in sample. The percentage of loss of weight on drying, total ash and acid insoluble ash were obtained by employing standard methods of analysis for the physiochemical test. Extraction of Catharanthus roseus plant using deep eutectic solvent gave positive results.

Deep eutectic solvents as a new type of eco-friendly solvents have attracted attention in chemistry, medicine, and other fields for the extraction and separation of target compounds from medicinal plants. Deep eutectic solvents are easy to prepare and have many advantages as solvents, such as chemical inertness with water, low cost, easy biodegradability, and pharmaceutically acceptable toxicity. In this study, a deep eutectic solvent made up of choline chloride-glycerol (1:2) was used for the extraction of flavonoids from Catharanthus roseus plant parts (flower petal, leaves, stem, and root). The highest amount of phenolic content was detected in flower petal, that is, 194.50 mg GAE/g. In DPPH test, the maximum amount of antioxidant activity determined in the flower petal was 73.13%; IC 50 was calculated by using a linear regression equation; IC 50 value of the standard, stem, root, leaf, and flower petal was 13.22, 90.44, 83.93, 120.14, 79.49 μg/ml, respectively. The result of this research is that Catharanthus roseus has a compatible antioxidant activity. This can be helpful for the treatment of diseases caused by free-radical oxidative stress.

Medicinal plants were shown to play a significant role in curing many diseases of ancient times. The plant kingdom is truly a goldmine of potential drug compounds. Several earlier reviews and research studies summarized that the products from natural sources have contributed significantly to the discovery of drugs and health benefits for people. Moreover, it is believed that natural products are less deadly than synthetic medicines because of their plant origins. Medicinal plants are significant in the role of curing a variety of diseases and the properties that they possess for curing are related to the existence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins and other phytochemicals. This chapter covers the effects of phenolic compound on plants and the importance of phenolic compounds for human health for prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases.

Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products including honey, propolis, pollen, bee venom, and royal jelly. Stingless bee honey reportedly has many medicinal and therapeutic uses and excellent potency. This study aimed to identify the phenolic compounds using a fast and specific reversed-phase HPLC method in the extract of stingless bee honey. A magnetic stirrer was used for the pretreatment process of a sample with methanol at a temperature of 50°C for 40 min, followed by separation on a column size of 250 mm x 4.6 mm (5μm) hypersil gold-C18 (Thermo Electron Corporation) with water–methanol–acetonitrile (45:40:15 v/v/v) containing acetic acid 1.0% as a mobile phase. A 254-nm wavelength was used to detect the extract. The standard retention times of the gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be at 2.610, 2.875, 3.150, 5.789, and 8.983 min, respectively. The existence of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin in the stingless bee honey extract was found to match according to the standard retention time. In the stingless bee honey, the retention times of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found to be at 2.613, 2.866, 3.157, 5.790, and 8.966 min, respectively. In the stingless bee honey, the amounts of gallic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were 1.426%, 2.533%, 16.922%, 1.851%, and 13.773%, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that stingless bee honey is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds that have strong antioxidant properties.

Green technology is the most important topic in the pharmaceutical field because it reduces the cost of medicines and minimizes the environmental impact of the field and is better for human health and safety. Green chemistry emphasizes that the solvent should be nontoxic, safe, cheap, green, readily available, recyclable, and biodegradable. Deep eutectic solvents, a new type of green solvent, have some renowned properties-for instance, high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, low cost, biodegradability, and high viscosity. In this study, deep eutectic solvents made up of choline chloride-glycerol (1:2) were used for the extraction and isolation of flavonoid (rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin) from Catharanthus roseus plant parts, flower petal, leaves, stem, and root. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in flower petal are 29.46 and 6.51%, respectively, whereas, rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin amounts in leaves are 25.16, 8.57, and 10.47%, respectively. In stem the amounts of rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin are 13.02, 5.89, and 7.47%, respectively. In root, only quercetin has been obtained that is 13.49%. The HPLC is an analytical method, which was found to be an excellent technique for determination of rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin using deep eutectic solvent extraction from plant parts of Catharanthus roseus.