Context: Neurotrophins have been recognized as the main trophic factors in the nervous system. They are a broad family of polypeptide growth factors and the main factors responsible for the modulation of synaptic development. They share a common basic structure but in certain areas which connect to their specific receptors. Methods: This is a review of the literature over the past two decades through keyword searches of brain-derived neurotropic, physical activity, and the hippocampus in databases. Results: Thus, they execute different actions triggering survival or apoptosis pathways. It has been reported that brain considerably responds to exercise, which results in significant changes in anatomical, molecular, and cellular level of the body. Findings suggest that exercise and activity help maintain cognitive function and brain structure, especially due to aging. Brain plasticity that is controlled by BDNF can be the basis of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain health. Conclusion: In Addition, exercise improves the survival of neurons and increases resistance to pathogenic diseases. This review examines different molecular effects of BDNF as well as the effect of different exercises on the expression of this factor.

Objective: Few studies have been conducted on variations of the central nervous system of diabetic patients and much fewer investigations done on the cerebellum of diabetes patients. The current research aims to investigate the effect of endurance training on neurotrophic factors affecting the cerebellum in the diabetic rat. Materials and Methods: This study is experimental.Twenty Wistar rat were randomly allocated in four groups including: (1) control (n=5), (2) diabetic exercise (n=5), (3) healthy-control (n=5), (4) and exercise-healthy (n=5). Diabetes were induced by intraperitoneal Streptozotocin injection. The endurance exercise training was performed at moderate intensity for six weeks. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) genes were measured using the Real-Time PCR method in the cerebellum of the rat. Two-way ANOVA test was used for comparing the means of expression of genes between groups. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS 22 software. Results: A significant increase was observed in the expression of NGF (from 1.03±0.11 to 1.61±0.24; P-value≤ 0.05) and BDNF (from 1.59±0.06 to 3.24±0.46; P-value≤ 0.05) genes in male rats with experimental diabetes and healthy subjects after six weeks endurance training. Conclusion: Endurance training may be helpful for diabetic patients by increasing the neurotrophic factors and thereby preventing diabetes-related neural complications.

Nervous inflammation is an important component of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including chronic diabetic neuropathic pain. In order to obtain a decrease in the progression of diabetic neuronal damage, it may be necessary to examine therapeutic options that involve antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the attenuation of inflammatory factors with endurance training in the spinal cord of rats with neuropathic pain. Thirty-two 8-week-old male Wistar rats (with a weight range of 204 ± 11.3 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8), including (1) diabetic neuropathy (50 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection), (2) diabetic neuropathy training (30 minutes of endurance training at 15 meters per minute, 5 days a week for 6 weeks), (3) healthy training, and (4) healthy control. After confirmation of diabetic neuropathy by behavioral tests, training protocol and supplementation were performed. The NLRP3, P38 MAPK, TNF-α, and IL-1β gene expressions were measured by a real-time technique in the spinal cord tissue. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Endurance training reduced the sensitivity of the nervous system to thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia; also, compared to the diabetic neuropathy group, the gene expressions of NLTP3, P38 MAPK, TNF-α, and IL-1β were significantly reduced by endurance training ( P < 0.05 ). Endurance training modulates NLRP3, P38 MAPK, and TNF-α, IL-1β gene expressions and improves the sensitivity of nociceptors to pain factors. Accordingly, it is recommended to use endurance training to reduce neuropathic pain for diabetics.

Background. The apoptotic inducing factor (AIF) level increases in the brain of patients with diabetic disease. Objectives. This study aimed to investigate whether endurance training could alleviate apoptosis in the cerebellum of diabetic rats. Methods. Twenty rats were randomly allocated in four groups including 1) healthy control, 2) healthy trained, 3) diabetic, and 4) diabetic trained groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection a single dose of Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). Training programs on the treadmill were performed at moderate intensity 5 days a week for 6 weeks. The activities apoptotic inducing factor was analyzed in cerebellum of animals at the end of experiment by ELISA method. Results. Our results showed that following six weeks endurance exercise training decreased cytosolic release of apoptotic inducing factor (AIF) in cerebellum of diabetic rats. Conclusion. Our results confirmed that endurance training may be improves brain functions. Understanding mechanisms of exercise on brain functions may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders such as type 1 diabetes.

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