KEYWORDSAmoxicillin, Clavulanate, Gallic acid, Vitamin C, Hemoxygenase gene.Amoxicillin/ Clavulanate (AC) combination has become one of the antibiotics most widely prescribed used in the treatment of several bacterial infections, associated with liver injury. This study aimed to investigate amoxicillin/clavulanic acid induced hepatotoxicity and the modulatory effect of gallic acid (GA)/ vitamin C (VTC) individually and in combination on oxidative stress-related liver damage. Sixty-four male albino rats were randomly separated into eight groups; negative control; GA group; VTC group; GA +VTC group; AC-treated group; AC + GA-treated group; AC + VTC treated group and AC+ GA + VTC treated group. A twice daily dose of AC (31.83 mg/kg) and a single daily dose of both GA (60 mg/kg) and VTC (200 mg/kg/day) were introduced to rats orally for 7 consecutive days. After sacrificed, blood was collected for biochemical analysis of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), caspase-3, RNA of heme oxygenase-1 gene (HMOX-1) and liver sample for lipid peroxidation and histopathological study. The serum levels of AST, ALT and TNF-α were significantly increased and upregulation of caspase-3 protein in rats treated with AC. Hepatic contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were markedly increased following AC administration but produced a significant decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) along with down regulated the expression of HMOX-1. These findings were in accordance with the histopathological findings. Co-administration of GA and/or VTC along with AC to rats reduced liver injury, oxidative stress, apoptosis and histopathological alterations. So, we concluded that GA and VTC pose a positive modulatory effect against AC induced hepatotoxicity.

Background: Deltamethrin (DLM) is class II synthetic pyrethroid used worldwide as pesticides in agriculture, household pest control, protection of foodstuff, and disease vector control. Exposures occur mainly from the household application, contaminated food or water. Although initially thought to be least toxic, a number of recent studies revealed its toxic effects in different animal species. Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress effect due to DLM exposure on brain tissues of adult albino rats, and whether co-administration of pomegranate (PM) molasses can ameliorate this oxidative damage. Materials & Methods: Thirty adult experimental Albino rats were divided into five groups:-ve control group (6 rats), +ve control group (6 rats) (received 1ml corn oil once daily, orally), diluted PM molasses [(0.5ml (PM) molasses+(0.5ml) distilled water] treated group (6 rats), DLM (6mg/kg) treated group (6 rats), DLM (6mg/kg) + diluted PM molasses[(0.5ml (PM) molasses+(0.5ml) distilled water] treated group (6 rats). These doses were given once daily, orally for seven days. By the end of the expirement, blood sample were obtained for estimation of plasma cholinesterase (PCHE) level and oxidative stress parameters) malondialdehyde [MDA], glutathione [GSH], and catalase [CAT] (, then rats were sacrificed. The brains were excised, prepared for estimation of oxidative stress parameters in tissue, histopathological changes and immunohistochemical examination. Results: revealed that DLM caused neurotoxicity in albino rats as there was a significant increase in serum & brain tissues MDA, reduction of both GSH & CAT, decrease in PCHE level & pathological changes in brain included, neuronal degeneration, apoptotic bodies, neuropil vacuolizations, proliferated and dilated blood vessels beside strong positive immunreaction for bax when compared with both control groups & PM molasses treated groups. While, there was significant reduction in serum & brain MDA, significant increase in both GSH &CAT and also decrease in PCHE level. Mild pathological changes in brain of albino rats beside mild positive immunreaction for bax in DLM + PM molasses treated group as compared to DLM treated group. Conclusion: deltamethrin can induce oxidative damage in the experimental albino rat brain & pomegranate molasses as an antioxidant has an ameliorative effect against this damage.

Gentamicin (GM) is an effective and probably the most commonly used aminoglycosides antibiotic, however the risk of causing nephrotoxicity limits its use. In the present study, the possible protective effects of Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane juice) on gentamicin induced acute oxidative renal injury in experimental rats were investigated. Twenty adult albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (5 rats in each) and treated once daily for a period of 7 days as follows; group A being the negative control and was injected intraperitoneal with normal saline, group B (sugar cane juice treated group) was given sugar cane juice orally at a dose of 15 ml/kg/day, group C (GM treated group) and group D (sugar cane juice + GM treated group) were the experimental groups and were injected intraperitoneal with (80 mg/kg/day GM) & (sugar cane juice 15 ml/kg/day orally + 80 mg/kg/day GM intraperitoneal) respectively. By the end of the experiment, the biochemical kidney functions tests (urinary cystatin C and kidney injury molecule-1, blood urea and creatinine) were investigated. Also, oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde [MDA] level, superoxide dismutase [SOD] & glutathione peroxidase [GPX] enzymatic activity) in renal tissue were evaluated. Histopathological examinations of kidney were done to assess the degree of renal protection induced by sugarcane juice, Gentamicin treated rats showed; marked significant rise in the biochemical kidney functions tests and lipid peroxidation (MDA) parameter in renal tissues, along with significant reduction in renal tissue antioxidant enzymatic activity of both SOD & GPX. However, co-administration of sugar cane juice in group D leading to marked reduction in previous biochemical markers and MDA levels together with significant elevated renal SOD &GPX enzymatic activity which nearly tend to return to normal values. The histopathological examination of groups A and B showed normal kidney structure which was deranged in group C (GM treated), whereas group D showed significant recovery in histological structures. Gentamicin induced acute renal injury and oxidative damage. Co-administration of sugar cane juice may reduce this damage by improving antioxidant defense and tissue integrity in experimental albino rats.   

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Background: bleomycin-induced lung toxicity and oxidative damage by decreasing the deactivating enzyme, genetic vulnerability, and released cytokines of inflammation. Melatonin has a free radical detoxifying effect, coenzyme Q10 has a strong antioxidant effect. Aim of the study: this study aimed to evaluate the possible protective role of melatonin and coenzyme Q10 in bleomycin-induced lung injury in Albino rats. Material and Methods: forty male Albino rats were categorized into five groups; group I (control group), group II (bleomycin group): rats were given a single dose of bleomycin intra-tracheal for inducing lung injury, group III (melatonin group): rats were given melatonin for three weeks after intratracheal installation of bleomycin, group IV (coenzymeQ10 group): rats were given coenzymeQ10 for three weeks after intratracheal installation of bleomycin and group V (combined melatonin and Co Q10 group): rats were given a combination of melatonin and coenzyme Q10for three weeks after induction of bleomycin lung toxicity. Lung tissues were prepared for biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: bleomycin produced a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde and a significant reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity in lung tissues with loss of normal histological lung architecture, significant elevation in main area percent of collagen fibers deposition and caspase-3 immuno positive expression. In group III melatonin enhanced a significant improvement in the biochemical changes, moderate prevention of histopathological changes in lung tissue with a significant reduction in main area percent of collagen fibers deposition and caspase-3 immuno positive expression. While, in group IV co enzyme Q10 enhanced non significant improvement in the biochemical changes, mild prevention of histopathological changes and non-significant reduction in main area percent of collagen fibers deposition and caspase-3 immuno positive expression. Using a combination of both drugs in group V enhanced a significant improvement in the biochemical changes and almost preservation of normal histological architecture of the lung tissue. Conclusion: administration of both melatonin and coenzyme Q10 produced almost a complete recovery of bleomycin induced lung injury.