Nosocomial infections are acquired, during or after being hospitalized. These infections are of high importance and are responsible to cause multiple issues during treatment making the treatment prolonged and economically burdensome. Some common HAI include those caused by Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. These infection are serious and are caused due to multiple factors such as antibiotic resistance, intrinsic factors and the host –environment interaction during the presence of the pathogen. Pakistan being a developing country faces many issues while tackling with nosocomial infections, these not only cause socio-economic burden but also diminish the quality of life. There is no national approach to control and manage the nosocomial infections. This review not only highlights the hospital acquired infections as a serious threat but also clearly guide to adopt a “ manageable approach” so suchpolicies can be made and implemented in the health care system to resolve the problemthrough a systematic and coherent approach.

With the progress of industries, environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals is spreading throughout the world. Technologies related to microbes may provide an alternative or addition to predictable method for the removal of these heavy metals. The present investigation deals with isolation anddescription of chromium resistant bacteria from tannery wastewater taken from industrial area of Lahore, Pakistan. Firstly the leather industry effluent was examined for the total bacterial count and the presence of lactose fermenter and non lactose fermenter species on nutrient agar and MacConkey agar. Nutrient agar showed different colonies which were than identified by gram staining and colonies on MacConkey agar were identified by their colors as pink colonies show lactose fermenting species and off white or transparent colonies show presence of non lactose fermenting species. Potential heavy metal tolerant Escherichia coli was isolated by using Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar medium supplemented with salts of chromium. The examination of morphological features of the obtained colonies authentically identified the isolate as Escherichia coli. The identified isolate was then exposed to different concentrations of chromium chloride to conclude the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which was found out to be 160mg/mL.

The fertility rate in dairy cattle with cryopreserved semen significantly depends on the reduction of the toxic effects on the sperms induced during cryopreservation. DNA integrity in sperm is vital for the precise transmission of genetic information and therefore the production of high yielders and maintenance of good health in future generations. The reliable and consistent assessment of sperm motility can be succeeded by Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer (CASA). Ten ejaculates were collected from Frisian bulls kept at Centre of excellence for bovine genetics (CEBG) Renala Khurd District Okara. The deleterious effects of three cryoprotectants glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol as a constituent of tris-egg yolk-citrate extender were compared on diluted post thawed cryopreserved Frisian bull semen. The quality of semen in terms of viability/motility/progressive velocity was determined with computerized external real image optical system (CEROS) and sperm DNA fragmentation was quantified with comet assay using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique. Glycerol was the least followed by DMSO and ethylene glycol was the most toxic cryoprotectant both for semen quality and sperm DNA fragmentation. The present study suggests that sperm DNA fragmentation is an associated feature of semen cryopreservation resulting into cell death (non-motile sperms) and glycerol as a cryoprotectant constituent of tris-egg yolk citrate extender offers a better protection for storage of cryopreserved Frisian bull semen in liquid nitrogen.

The study was carried out to explore the role of effective microbes in curing the septic wounds of Strangles disease affected horses. The submaxillary lymph nodes abscessation resulted during the course of disease and ultimately ended into formation of wounds which were subject to septic environment. Adopting conventional methods of treatment i.e. local use of antiseptic preparations and parenteral administration of antibiotics usually takes long time in healing of wounds. At times the horses do not respond the treatment which results in loss of animal life as well as economic thrashing. Use of effective microbes in animal health is an area which needed exploration. We used effective microbes (EM Technology) orally / locally to cure the septic wounds of Strangle's affected horses and also evaluated its sensitivity in vitro. We found that Bio Vet an EM Technology product as an adjuvant therapy is highly effective for the treatment of strangle wounds. It considerably reduces the healing time by quick granulation and S. equi (causative organism) was also found sensitive to Bio Vet in vitro.

Green foddering systems for farm animals vary from one country to another, and the resources / system practiced in developed countries differ considerably from those practiced in Pakistan. The present study was undertaken for the evaluation of nutritional values of lucern (Medicago sativa), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and oats (Avena sativa). These fodder crops are grown in winter and harvested in summer season. The understudy parameters included the evaluation of moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash. Standard techniques were used for evaluation using Dessicator, Kjelhdal apparatus, Soxhlet’s apparatus and Muffle furnace available in Biotechnology Lab of Lahore Garrison University. The proximate analysis of Lucerne showed to have moisture 80.2%, crude protein 21.4%, crude fat 1.5%, crude fiber 25.2 % and ash 9.2 %. The proximate analysis of Berseem revealed moisture 85.4 %, crude protein 18.2%, crude fat 2.0 %, crude fiber 17.1 % and ash 8.9 %. The proximate analysis of Oats showed to have moisture 81.3%, crude protein 12.2%, crude fat 1.9 %, crude fiber 24.2 % and ash 8.2 %. No significant difference in nutritive values at 6, 9 and 12 weeks of growth in all understudy fodder crops was observed. Lucern was found having best nutritive values followed by Berseem whereas oats contained least nutritive values. Lucerne may be more suited for draught animals like polo / race horses /mules and other equines because of high protein and ash contents whereas Berseem and Oats may be more suited for milking animals and small ruminants due to laxative, staple and high fiber contents.