Background: Breast lumps are the commonest presentation in surgical outpatient clinics in females. Breast is a complex organ structure. It shows a wide range of pathologies from benign inflammatory lesions to invasive life threatening lesions. Breast cancer has become the commonest cancer in females after cervix cancer also in Nepal. Modern diagnostic facilities have helped a lot for early detection of breast lesions and treatment. The present study was conducted at a tertiary cancer center in Nepal that focused on the identification of histopathological spectrum of breast biopsies received and their relations with epidemiological variables. Methods: This is a retrospective study of all the breast biopsies which were received, processed and analysed at Department of Pathology at B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from January to December 2019. The data were retrieved from the Department of Pathology. They were entered in Microsoft excel. Results: A total 216 breast tissues specimen of true-cut biopsy and lumpectomy were examined in the year 2019. The age range was from 18-75 years. There were 37.1% benign cases and 62.9% of malignant. There were 7 male patients in this study. Most of the cases belonged to age group of 40-49 years. Conclusion: This study shows the burden of breast cancer in Nepal. It also highlights the importance of histopathology in breast lesions not only in diagnosing the lesion but also in predicting the prognosis. Malignant lesions of breast were frequent in this study due to our center being a cancer referral hospital. This retrospective study shows that a variety of lesions are encountered in breast and histopathology helps to differentiate between various benign and malignant lesions.

Introduction Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among females worldwide. Its incidence is on the rise in Nepal. However, the risk factors have not been studied in context of Nepal. The aim of this study is to identify and quantify the association of various risk factors with breast cancer in Nepal. MethodsHospital-based age-matched case-control study was conducted among 50 cases and 150 controls visiting BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic characters, socio-economic parameters, reproductive history, dietary and personal habits, family history, history of contraception and history of benign breast disease. Height, weight, hip circumference and waist circumference were measured. ResultsMajority of the cases (52%) belonged to the age group of 46-55 years. The significant risk factors were ethnicity of Dalit/Madhesi (AOR 8.222, 95% CI 2.377-28.441, p-value 0.001), parity of 3 to 5 (AOR 5.614, 95% CI 1.140-27.639, p-value 0.03) and previous history of benign breast disease (OR 13.614, 95% CI 3.229-57.391, p-value 0.001). Hysterectomy was found to reduce the risk of breast cancer (OR 0.122, 95% CI 0.017-0.826, p-value 0.03). Knowledge of breast self-examination was significantly higher among cases than controls (AOR 36.29, 95% CI 5.788-227.555, p-value < 0.001). Knowledge of mammography was significantly lower among cases than control (AOR=0.133, 95% CI=0.028-0.647, p-value=0.01). ConclusionThis study showed a number of factors to be associated with the increased risk of breast cancer. It was observed that the mean age at diagnosis is a decade earlier than in Western countries. Genetic component was not significant in context of Nepal. It is hoped that the findings of this study will facilitate further exploration and evidenced-based preventive measures for Nepalese women.

Aims: This study aims to find out the socio-demographic and clinical profile of children and adolescents attending psychiatry outpatient service of a tertiary-level hospital in Nepal. Study Design:  Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the psychiatry outpatient department from Sep 2017 to Sep 2018. Methodology: All children and adolescents, aged 6 years to 18 years, visiting the psychiatry outpatient department registered as new cases were included in the study. Epidemiological profiles and clinical characteristics (psychiatric diagnosis, age, sex, ethnicity, occupation, education geographical areas, family characteristics) were noted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Psychiatric diagnosis was made based on ICD-11 criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of the patients was 14.07 years ± 3.43 (mean ± SD). Psychiatric disorders were most common in children and adolescents of 16-19 years of age group followed by the 11-15 years of age group. Majorities of the patients were male (52.1%), and Hindu (87.2%). More than 85% of the patients had received some level of education. Most resided in rural areas (43.2%) and nuclear families (54.7%). The most common psychiatric diagnosis was depressive disorder (21.6%) followed by Dissociative disorder (16.15%.), and Panic disorder (10.16%). Thirteen percent of the patients presented with a history of intentional self-harm, 19.5% had a positive family history of mental illness, and 18% had emotional difficulties with their parents. There was a history of alcohol use in the family in 17.2% and family conflicts in 14.1% of cases. Conclusion: Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in the pediatric age group. Adolescents of the elder age group and male gender constitute the major proportion of patients with psychiatric morbidity. Positive family history of mental illness and emotional difficulties with the parents were the most commonly seen family characteristics.

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