Background: The tumors of the salivary glands are uncommon head and neck neoplasms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative frequencies, types, site distribution and the histopathological features of salivary gland tumors. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 176 cases of salivary gland tumors collected from medical record section and department of pathology at B.P.Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2010. Tumors were analyzed based on demographics, anatomic location and histopathological type. Results: Out of 176 cases, 66 (37.5 %) were benign and 110 (62.5 %) were malignant with M:F ratio of 1.7:1. The mean age observed was 44.76 years with age range of 12 to 75 years. Pleomorphic adenoma was found to be the commonest benign tumor (72.7 %), followed by Warthin tumor (15.1%), monomorphic adenoma (3.0 %) and basal cell adenoma (3.0 %). The mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor (38.1 %), followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (25.4%), acinic cell carcinoma (10.9%), adenocarcinoma NOS (6.3%), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (5.4%) and unclassified malignant tumor (4.5 %). Parotid was the most common site for the location of tumors (70.4%) followed by submandibular (19.3%) and minor salivary glands (10.2 %). Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest salivary gland tumor observed in both sexes. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. The parotid gland was the most common site of origin in both benign and malignant tumors. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10291 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 520-524

Background: Immunophenotyping of acute leukemia is one of the most important clinical applications of fl ow cytometry. The aim of this study was to determine the immunophenotyping profi le of acute leukemia, by means of a fl ow cytometric method, using monoclonal antibodies all marked with a fl uorochrome, in four colour systems to assess their distribution according to type of leukemia (lymphoid B or T / myeloid). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected data of immunophenotyping from 52 acute leukemia patients at the department of pathology in B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from January 2010 to December 2011. Diagnosis was based on peripheral blood and bone marrow examination for morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotypic studies. Results: Out of total 52 cases of acute leukemia diagnosed by fl ow cytometry over a two year period, there were 31 cases (59.6 %) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 20 cases (38.4 %) of acute myelogenous leukemia and one case (1.9 %) of bi-phenotypic acute leukemia. Leukemia was diagnosed among adults in 44.2 % whereas among children with age less than or equal to 15 years in 55.7 %. Thirty eight (73%) were male and 14 (27 %) were female with a male: female ratio of 2.7:1. For acute myelogenous leukemia, it was found that M0 (5.0 %), M1 (20%), M2 (60%), M3 (15%), M4 (5.0 %) were detected. CD13 and CD33 were the most useful markers in the diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia. The most common subtype was AML-M2. Of the 31 cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 20 cases (64.5 %) were identifi ed as B-ALL and 11 cases (35.5%) as T-ALL. Aside from cytoplasmic CD3 (cCD3) and CD7 were the most sensitive antigens present in all cases of T-ALL. All cases of B-ALL showed expression of pan B-cell markers CD19 and CD22, but 15 (75 %) of 20 cases expressed CD10. Conclusion: Flow cytometric immunophenotyping was found to be especially useful in the correct identifi cation and diagnosis of acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemia and its subtypes. In combination with French-American-British (FAB) morphology and immunophenotyping, we were able to diagnose and classify all patients with acute leukemia in this study. Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, No.1, Issue 5, 345-350 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7856

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignant tumors worldwide and the leading cause of death from genital malignancies in women. We evaluate the trends and patterns of cervical malignancies in our institution. Materials and Methods: All the tissue slides of cervical malignancies at the department of pathology at BP Koirala Memorial cancer hospital over a period of 3 years (2009-2011) were retrieved and evaluated. Clinical data were obtained from the medical records. Results: A total of 1955 cases were registered as gynecological malignancies, out of which cervical malignancy constitutes 1341 (68%) cases followed by ovarian malignancies 425 (22%) cases. Only 874 cases were included in this study due to inadequate data retrieval. The age range for cervical cancer was 24 to 92 years with a mean age of 42.5 years. Squamous cell carcinoma (92.56%) was the most common histological type of cervical cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma (4.1%). Conclusion: This study has shown a high incidence of carcinoma of cervix at BP Koirala memorial cancer Hospital. Routine cytological screening of the population for cervical cancers is highly necessary as early detection of premalignant lesions. Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, No.1, Issue 5, 386-389 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7863

Background: Renal tumours are 16th most common malignancies in the world accounting for 2.2% of all new malignancies and 1.8% of all cancer deaths. Histopathological classification of renal tumours along with tumour grade and stage is proven to have prognostic value. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in Department of Pathology at B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital Bharatpur from January 2017 to December 2019 including cases of partial and radical nephrectomies of patients more than sixteen years of age. Results: Total 78 nephrectomy specimens were received out of which 70 (89.7% consisted of malignant tumour and 8 (10.3%) were benign lesions. Clear cell type renal cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour consisting of 57 (81.4%) cases of renal cell carcinoma, followed by papillary type 9(12.9%), Cchromophobe (4.3%) and one case (1.3%) of multiloculated cystic renal neoplasm was noted. Renal cell carcinoma was seen in age range of 26 to 80 years with majority of patients more than 50 years of age, while a small peak (14.3%) was noted in female patients of 31 to 40 years of age. Conclusions: This study found increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma among female patients of 31 to 40 years of age in contrast to studies done in the Western population.

Background: Breast lumps are the commonest presentation in surgical outpatient clinics in females. Breast is a complex organ structure. It shows a wide range of pathologies from benign inflammatory lesions to invasive life threatening lesions. Breast cancer has become the commonest cancer in females after cervix cancer also in Nepal. Modern diagnostic facilities have helped a lot for early detection of breast lesions and treatment. The present study was conducted at a tertiary cancer center in Nepal that focused on the identification of histopathological spectrum of breast biopsies received and their relations with epidemiological variables. Methods: This is a retrospective study of all the breast biopsies which were received, processed and analysed at Department of Pathology at B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from January to December 2019. The data were retrieved from the Department of Pathology. They were entered in Microsoft excel. Results: A total 216 breast tissues specimen of true-cut biopsy and lumpectomy were examined in the year 2019. The age range was from 18-75 years. There were 37.1% benign cases and 62.9% of malignant. There were 7 male patients in this study. Most of the cases belonged to age group of 40-49 years. Conclusion: This study shows the burden of breast cancer in Nepal. It also highlights the importance of histopathology in breast lesions not only in diagnosing the lesion but also in predicting the prognosis. Malignant lesions of breast were frequent in this study due to our center being a cancer referral hospital. This retrospective study shows that a variety of lesions are encountered in breast and histopathology helps to differentiate between various benign and malignant lesions.