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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases in the world. The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and bone mineral density (BMD) has been controversial. Early identification of reduction in bone mass in a diabetic patient may be helpful in preventing the bone loss and future fracture risks. Objective: The aim is to study the effect of T2DM on BMD among patients in western Odisha.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 patients between 40 and 65 years of age which included 60 diabetic and 60 nondiabetic subjects. BMD was measured using qualitative ultrasound and the data were compared among age-matched subjects of both the groups. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student's t-test and test of equality of proportions.Results: No significant difference was observed in bone density of both the groups. On further analyzing the data, incidence of osteoporosis was higher among diabetic subjects, whereas incidence of osteopenia was higher among nondiabetic subjects.Conclusions: Although significant difference in bone mineral density was not observed in both the groups, the incidence of osteoporosis was higher among type 2 diabetics. Hence, all type 2 diabetics should be evaluated for the risk of osteoporosis and should be offered appropriate preventive measures.

Background: HIV destroys the CD4+T cells progressively thus making the HIV infected persons susceptible to a number of opportunistic infections (OIs).Methods: The study was conducted in the Medicine Department and ART Centre, VIMSAR. It is a prospective study from July 2016 to September 2017.Results: 86 patients register, detail history, clinical examination and investigation were done and then the data is complying in detail. Most of the patients were male (72%) male female ratio is 2.6:1. The majority of patients presented with fever, weight loss and anorexia seen in more than 73% of the study population.Conclusions: (42%) cases belonged to the CD4+T cell count range of 101-200/µl with aCD4+T cell count of 183/µl, so there is increased chance of hospitalization in patients having CD4+T cell count below 200/µl. The most common OI was tuberculosis (51%) with pleural effusion as its commonest manifestation. The second most common OI was candidiasis (43%) with most cases suffering from oral candidiasis was seen to occur at higher CD4+T cell counts than tuberculosis.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive disorder and is concerned because of its devastating complications. Among this, nervous system is most frequently affected. Symptom varies widely in peripheral neuropathy due to diabetes. In majority of cases, sensory symptoms predominate. Vibration perception threshold (VPT) has added much to early diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. The previous studies showed that, in mild-to-moderate diabetic neuropathy, VPT serves as excellent tool. Aims and Objectives: This study is planned to assess if VPT testing can be applied as early diagnostic tool in diabetic neuropathy. Materials and Methods: The studies on VPT were conducted in the Department of Physiology with the help of Department of Medicine at VIMSAR, Burla, within the time period of February 2015-November 2015.Vibration sense was detected in 60 diabetic patients, of which 30 had clinical neuropathy and 30 without clinical neuropathy. Chi-square test has been applied between parameters. The instrument used was Vibrotherm Dx. Results: In these 60 diabetic patients, VPT was conducted. This study shows the diverse result of VPT testing. Among the clinical neuropathy patients, 26.66% had Grade I severity and 43.33% had Grade II severity. It was found that in diabetic patients without the clinical neuropathy 50% had Grade I severity and 6.66% had Grade II severity. Hence, it was confirmed that nerve fibers are affected in subclinical states without any symptom. Conclusion: All diabetic patients irrespective of their clinical symptoms of neuropathy should be assessed by VPT testing. It will help to identify at risk group with diabetic peripheral neuropathy by detecting their VPT. It is also a cost-effective procedure. We can also prevent the devastating diabetic foot complications.

Background: Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV positive patient. This is a major challenge faced by HIV positive patient.  Methods: This study was carried out at Medicine Department and ART Centre, VIMSAR, Burla to know the epidemiology and clinical profile of HIV and TB co-infection. This is a prospective study in which all adult patients attending to our hospital for period of one year with HIV-TB co infection are enrolled. There were 269 patients. The clinical parameters are studied after all detailed history and clinical examination. The diagnosis of Tuberculosis was made by relevant investigation like Sputum AFB, Chest X-ray, CSF Study, CT Scan, Pleural Fluid Study, Ascitic fluid study etc.Results: The results indicate majority of the patients out of 211 patients 74 (82.52%), were male 34(16.35%)were female and TGTS were-3(1.42%). Age group mostly affected were 26-35 years (38.1%) and 36-45 years (38.1 %). Extra-pulmonary TB constituted 56.28% and Pulmonary TB-43.72%. 41.99% completed anti-TB treatment and mortality was 12.99%. Mean CD4 count at the time of diagnosis-218iu/l; and patients with low CD4 cell count at the time of diagnosis had high mortality.Conclusions: Extra-pulmonary TB is predominant among HIV TB co-infection and the working-class population affected more than the rest TB Meningitis and Disseminated TB are associated with a bad prognosis when compare to other forms of TB. A low CD4 count at the time of Tuberculosis diagnosis is associated with a higher mortality and early suspicion diagnosis of tuberculosis and early initiation of ATT in HIV patients reduces mortality and morbidity significantly.