In this work, we report the synthesis of eco-friendly detergent from crude palm oil and titania. Crude palm oil was converted into methyl ester sulfonate through esterification, transesterification and followed by sulfonation process. As-produced methyl ester sulfonate was characterized with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS) and surface tension analysis. Detergents were synthesized by dispersing titania nanoparticles into methyl ester sulfonate solution, forming a nanofluid. Stability and detergency of the nanofluidic detergents were then evaluated. The results showed that the nanofluid detergents were stable in the presence of 0.1 wt % titania and the photocatalytic activity of titania nanoparticles improved the ability of nanofluidic detergents to remove dirt as well as degrading the surfactant residues in the laundry waste stream.
A novel approach, namely photocatalytic esterification and addition reaction of unsaturated fatty acids using CuO/TiO2 catalyst has been investigated in kemiri sunan oil. The objectives of this study are to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content by using catalyst CuO/TiO2, characterization of the catalyst and the operation condition of reaction. The CuO/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized by the impregnation of TiO2 P25 powder with copper nitrate solution as a precursor and followed by calcination. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) result showed that copper oxide was highly dispersed on the TiO2 surface. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) result showed that Cu is in the state of CuO (Cu2+), while Ti is in Ti4+ ( TiO2). The bandgap energy of CuO/TiO2 was smaller than TiO2 P25. It was found that the reactions conducted in the presence of CuO/TiO2 in a photoreactor under UV irradiation can perform esterification and addition reaction of the FFA, simultaneously. The optimum reduction of the FFA was under condition of 4% loading CuO/TiO2, 4 hours reaction time, 30:1 (mole/mole) methanol to oil ratio, 5% (w/w) catalyst amount. The conversion of FFA was at around 59%. The Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed that the addition reaction of -eleostearic acid simultaneously occured at 100% conversion. Although the photocatalyst selectivity in FFA reduction was relatively low, but double bond reduction of -eleostearic acid (C18:3) was very high. The reduction of multiple double bond is considered as positive poin to improve the oxidative stability of the product. The simultaneous esterification and addition reactions mechanism has been proposed. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, tidak terkecuali industri farmasi. Hampir semua industri farmasi dalam pengemasannya menggunakan blister yang didalamnya terdapat unsur aluminium. Padahal, jika berada bebas di lingkungan, dibutuhkan waktu 100 tahun untuk aluminium agar dapat terurai di tanah. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi limbah aluminium tersebutadalah dengan mendaurulangnya dan mengubahnya menjadi senyawa alum AlK(SO4)2.12H2O. Alum memiliki banyak manfaat, diantaranya sebagai penjernih air dan bahan baku obat di industri farmasi. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan kandungan aluminium dalam limbah foil blister sebagai bahan baku pembuatan senyawa alum tersebut. Foil pertama-tama dipisahkan dan dibersihkan kemudian direaksikan dengan 40 ml kalium hidroksida pada suhu 80oC dengan variabel waktu pemanasan 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, 5 jam dan 6 jam. Setelah proses pemanasan ditambahkan kedalamnya 25 ml H2SO4 6 M sambil diaduk hingga jernih dan berkurang sepertiga volumenya. Larutan kemudian didinginkan hingga terbentuk kristal alum. Kristal alum yang terbentuk dikeringkan dengan bantuan etanol dan ditimbang. Dari penelitian didapat bahwa semakin lama waktu pemanasan maka semakin tinggi rendemen yang diperoleh. Waktu optimum pemanasan adalah 3 jam dan setelah 3 jam tidak ada perubahan rendemen yang signifikan. Persamaan polinomial hubungan antara waktu pemanasan dengan rendemen alum adalah y = -0,140x2 + 1,203x + 13,82, dimana y adalah rendemen alum dan x adalah waktu pemanasan. Kata kunci : limbah, farmasi, foil, alum
SINTESIS BAHAN PEMBERSIH NANOFLUIDA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN BERBASIS SURFAKTAN METIL ESTER SULFONAT DAN NANOKOMPOSIT Cu/TiO2. Sintesis bahan pembersih nanofluida berbasis nanokomposit Cu/TiO2 dan surfaktan metil ester sulfonat (MES) yang berasal dari minyak jarak pagar telah berhasil dilakukan. Bahan ini diharapkan dapat berfungsi ganda sebagai pembersih sekaligus pendegradasi air sisa cucian. Bahan pembersih disintesis dengan mencampurkan surfaktan MES dan nanokomposit 3% Cu/TiO2. Performa bahan pembersih ini dievaluasi melalui uji kestabilan nanofluida, uji detergensi, dan uji degradasi surfaktan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa kestabilan nanofluida linier dengan konsentrasi surfaktan dalam bahan pembersih dengan kestabilan maksimal 98,87% pada konsentrasi surfaktan 30%. Daya bersih meningkat dengan penambahan nanokomposit Cu/TiO2 dari 68,30% menjadi 73,23% tanpa adanya iradiasi dan 71,67% menjadi 87,20% dengan adanya iradiasi sinar. Degradasi sisa surfaktan mengalami peningkatan dari 26,48% menjadi 71,90% ketika diiradiasi sinar selama 30 menit.
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