Vehicular ad hoc networks consist of access points for communication, transmission, and collecting information of nodes and environment for managing traffic loads. Clustering can be performed in the vehicular ad hoc networks for achieving the desired goals. Due to the random range of vehicular ad hoc networks, stability is the major issue on which major research is still in progress. In this article, a moth flame optimization-driven clustering algorithm is presented for vehicular ad hoc networks, replicating the social behavior of moth flames in creating efficient clusters. The proposed framework is extracted from the living routine of moth flames. The proposed framework allows efficient communication by creating the augmented number of clusters due to which it is termed as intelligent algorithm. Besides this, the use of unsupervised clustering technique emphasizes to call it as an intelligent clustering algorithm. The recommended intelligent clustering using moth flame optimization framework is executed for resolving and optimizing the clustering problem in vehicular ad hoc networks, the primary focus of the proposed scheme is to improve the stability in vehicular ad hoc networks. This proposed method can also be used for the transmission of data in vehicular networks. Intelligent clustering using moth flame optimization is then proved by relative study with two variants of particle swarm optimization: multiple-objective particle swarm optimization and comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization and a variant of ant colony optimization: ant colony optimization-based clustering algorithm for vehicular ad hoc network. The simulation demonstrates that the intelligent clustering using moth flame optimization is provisioning optimal outcomes in contrast to widely known metaheuristics. Furthermore, it provides a robust routing mechanism based on the clustering. It is suitable for large highways for the productivity of quality communication, reliable delivery for each vehicle and can be widely applicant.

VANET is an application and subclass of MANETs, a quickly maturing, promising, and emerging technology these days. VANETs establish communication among vehicles (V2V) and roadside infrastructure (V2I). As vehicles move with high speed, hence environment and topology change with time. There is no optimum routing protocol which ensures full-pledge on-time delivery of data to destination nodes, and an absolutely optimum scheme design for flawless packet exchange is still a challenging task. In VANETs, accurate and on-time delivery of fundamental safety alert messages (FSAMs) is highly important to withstand against maliciously inserted security threats affectively. In this paper, we have presented a new security-aware routing technique called VANSec. The presented scheme is more immune and resistive against different kinds of attacks and thwarts malicious node penetration attempts to the entire network. It is basically based on trust management approach. The aim of the scheme is to identify malicious data and false nodes. The simulation results of VANSec are compared with already existing techniques called trust and LT in terms of trust computation error (TCE), end-to-end delay (EED), average link duration (ALD), and normalized routing overhead (NRO). In terms of TCE, VANSec is 11.6% and 7.3% efficient than LT and trust, respectively, while from EED comparison we found VANSec to be 57.6% more efficient than trust and 5.2% more efficient than LT. Similarly, in terms of ALD, VANSec provides 29.7% and 7.8% more stable link duration than trust and LT do, respectively, and in terms of NRO, VANSec protocol has 27.5% and 14% lesser load than that of trust and LT, respectively.

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Recent years have seen remarkable advancement in the field of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH-WSNs). The popularity of energy harvesting has grown owing to its capability of prolonging the network lifetime. The devices utilising energy harvesting are affected by inefficiencies including energy leakage, and battery degradation or storage losses. Many different protocols are being developed in recent years in this domain. These protocols can be categorised in a variety of ways with respect to their mechanisms and functionalities they follow; hence, it becomes important to understand their working principle. In this research, we have selected some recent routing protocols in the field of EH-WSNs and present a comparative analysis in accordance to their categories in which they lie. A detailed analysis of their key advantages and flaws is also identified in this research.