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The size of cellulose microfibril (CMF) bundles varies to interact with glucomannan/galactoglucomannan (GM/GGM). Arabino-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan (AGX) bonded CMF bundles coated with GM/GGM also have important roles in elaborating the distance between these components. Since the precise roles of GM/GGM and AGX are not clear, the elution analysis to evaluate the strength of the interaction between the cell wall were tried. Earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) were separated in a Japanese cedar. The chemical components of cellulose, hemicellulose including GM/GGM and AGX, and lignin were almost the same in EW and LW. Slight differences in GM/GGM, the side-chain substitution in AGX and the ionic bond characteristics of glucuronic acid side chains were observed. Based on measurements of GM/GGM and AGX adhering to CMFs, there were more hemicelluloses forming strong hydrogen bonds in LW than in EW. The results showed that the highly assembled hemicellulose in LW produced a strong cell wall framework.

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Summary New oil-gelling agents have been developed composed of a long-chain dialkyl phosphate (DP) surfactant and aluminium ion or multinuclear aluminum ion (MAI) which provide good oil-gel systems. One such gelling agent is the aluminum salt of DP (DP-Al) prepared as a precipitate by mixing DP with aluminum chloride in aqueous solutions. Addition of small amounts of the salt to non-polar oils led to hardening of the oil solutions at temperature below the melting point of the alkyl chain (Tc) of DP-Al. Results obtained by X-ray diffraction techniques and with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that linearly-polymerized assemblies of DP-Al expand in oils three-dimensionally, which suggests that the excellent stability of the gel systems arises from the highly ordered structure. The gelling agent of DP-Al offered the ideal rheological property to waxy cosmetic products such as lipsticks. The complexes of DP with MAI particles (1 nm diameter) of aluminum chlorohydrate, Al(13)O(4)(OH)(24)(H(2)O)(12)CI(7), provided the ideal thixotropic behaviour in non-polar oils. The DP-MAI particle complexes were found to interact weakly by cohesive forces which makes a highly ordered structure of the DP-MAI particle complexes. The DP-MAI particle complexes gave excellent stability and transparency to cosmetic products such as w/o creams.