Latar Belakang: Air susu ibu (ASI) mengandung mikrobiota dalam jumlah banyak yang mewakili bakteri komensal, mutualistik, dan bakteri yang berpotensi sebagai probiotik pada saluran cerna bayi. Hasil: Filum bakteri yang paling dominan dalam ASI antara lain Proteobacteria dan Firmicutes sedangkan pada tingkat genus yaitu Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus dan Lactobacillus. Diantara berbagai mikrobiota yang terdapat dalam ASI, Lactobacillus dan Bifidobacterium berpotensi sebagai probiotik. Kesimpulan: Mikrobiota usus memberikan fungsi metabolisme, dan proteksi yang bermanfaat seperti peningkatan kapasitas pencernaan, produksi asam lemak rantai pendek dan vitamin, pengaturan struktur mukosa dan sistem kekebalan tubuh serta resistensi kolonisasi terhadap patogen.

Cognitive decline can be started at early adult. It may be prevented with administration of Centella asiatica (CeA). CeA already known has some medicinal values for the brain such as to increase dendritic growth, to improve cognitive function and memory performance in rats after chronic stress. Objective: This study is aimed to investigate effect CeA ethanol extract on spatial working memory of normal adult male rats. Eighteen normal adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control/aquadest group and two groups treated with different doses (mg/kg) of CeA: 300 (CeA300) and 600 (CeA600). Ethanol extract of CeA were administrated orally for 28 consecutive days with weekly weight-adjusted dose. Memory performance was tested using Y-Maze before, on 14th days of treatment and after treatment. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and continued with Mann-Whitney test. Result: Treatment groups showed a better spatial working memory performance than control group, but there were no significant result between CeA300 and CeA600 groups (p < 0.05). Ethanol extract of CeA prevents spatial working memory decline on normal male adult Wistar rats. The optimum dosage of CeA might be 300 mg/kg of body weight.

Introduction: Cytoglobin (Cygb) is an oxygen transporter marker that appears in hypoxic conditions. The clinical condition of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, in general is that patients experience hypoxemia with low oxygen saturation. The Cygb gene is stimulated by the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) transcription factor, which is stable in hypoxia. Methods: This study investigates Cygb expression in hypoxic COVID-19 cases. The design of this research is analytically observational. Parameters measured were Cygb mRNA and protein levels, correlation of HIF-1α and Cygb proteins in COVID-19 patients with Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron variants and negative control patients. Results: The results showed that each Cygb mRNA level decreased by 0.50, 0.92, 0.75 and 0.84 times that of the control. In contrast, Cygb protein levels (ng/mL) increased (16.95; 20.33; 21.20; 14.01 and 6.29 control). Strong negative correlation between mRNA and Cygb protein (R = -0.611). Strong positive correlation between HIF-1α and Cygb protein (R = 0.670). Conclusion: This study showed that Cygb mRNA expression decreased, further increasing Cygb protein; HIF-1α protein levels increased, further increasing Cygb protein. In COVID-19 patients (Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants), there is an increase in Cygb protein levels through stimulation of HIF-1α, which is stable under hypoxic conditions. The regulation of Cygb in this study has the potential to become the basis for handling cases of viral infections or other cases of hypoxia.

One effort to overcome the decline in memory function is through herbal medicine. Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) contain the active components of triterpenoid and flavonoids, has been known to be able to improve memory function. Synaptic plasticity is the basis of memory formation which is strongly influenced by synapse proteins such as PSD-95. Loss of PSD-95 protein can cause memory function decline. This study aims to determine the effect of 70% ethanol extract of pegagan toward PSD-95 protein expression on hippocampus of male Wistar rat. Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, 6 rats/group: group (1) given ethanol extract of pegagan with dose 300 mg / kgBW / day (CA300), (2) given ethanol extract of pegagan with dose 600 mg / kgBW / day (CA600), and (3) control group (K), given daily aquadest. All three groups were treated for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, rats were decapitated and the hippocampus was isolated from the brain. Analysis of protein was done by immunohistochemical method. Statistical analysis was performed by One Way ANOVA parametric test followed by Post-Hoc Bonferroni. The results showed that there was no significant difference between group K and group CA300 (P = 0.123), whereas there were significant differences between CA600 group and K group and CA300 group (P = 0.000). From this research, it can be concluded that 70% ethanol extract of pegagan with dose 600mg / kgBW / day can increase expression of PSD-95 protein on hippocampus of male Wistar rat.