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Aim:To evaluate and compare the push-out bond strengths of three obturation materials; Gutta-percha/AH Plus, Resilon/Epiphany self-etch (SE) and EndoREZ obturation system to intraradicular dentin.Materials and Methods:Sixty single-canal anterior teeth were prepared and assigned to experimental groups (n = 20), designated as Group I: Gutta-percha/AH Plus, Group II: Resilon/Epiphany SE and Group III: EndoREZ sealer/EndoREZ points. After obturation, each tooth was prepared for push-out assessment with root slices of 2 mm thickness using universal testing machine.Statistical Analysis:Two way analysis of variance and Scheffe's test.Results:Gutta-percha/AH Plus root fillings showed significantly highest bond strength. Also, root segment location did not have a significant influence on bond strength.Conclusion:The adhesiveness quality to root dentin promoted by newer methacrylate resin-based obturation systems like Resilon/Epihany SE and EndoREZ is compromised even when teeth with simple anatomic features were obturated under well-monitored laboratory conditions.

Large biomolecules and bioparticles play a vital role in biology, chemistry, biomedical science and physics. Mass is a critical parameter for the characterization of large biomolecules and bioparticles. To achieve mass analysis, choosing a suitable ion source is the first step and the instruments for detecting ions, mass analyzers and detectors should also be considered. Abundant mass spectrometric techniques have been proposed to determine the masses of large biomolecules and bioparticles and these techniques can be divided into two categories. The first category measures the mass (or size) of intact particles, including single particle quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry, cell mass spectrometry, charge detection mass spectrometry and differential mobility mass analysis; the second category aims to measure the mass and tandem mass of biomolecular ions, including quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry and orbitrap mass spectrometry. Moreover, algorithms for the mass and stoichiometry assignment of electrospray mass spectra are developed to obtain accurate structure information and subunit combinations.

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SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 was introduced into India by multiple sources generating local clusters and leading to the nationwide spread. A retrospective study has been conducted on the epidemiological features and spatial spread of COVID-19 in India during February 2020-March 2021. For each district, the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases were fitted to exponential growth model for the initial phase of the outbreak (the first 7-15 days). From the estimated growth rate, epidemiological parameters like the Basic reproduction number (R 0 ) and epidemic doubling time (s) were determined. Using Q-GIS software, we have generated the all India distribution maps for R 0 and s. COVID-19 spread rapidly covering majority of the districts of India between March and June 2020. As on 1st March 2021, a total of 715 out of 717 districts have been affected. The R 0 range is at par with the global average. A few districts, where outbreaks were caused by migrant workers coming home, intense transmission was recorded R 0 [ 7. We also found that the spread of COVID-19 was not uniform across the different districts of India. The methodology developed in the study can be used by researchers and public health professionals to analyze and study epidemics in future.Keywords COVID-19 Á India Á Basic reproduction number Á Doubling time Á Districts Spat. Inf. Res.