promise for longevity in pastures of the north-central USA (Sheaffer et al., 1992). Exceptional winterhardi-Legumes can improve productivity and quality of cool-season grass ness, tolerance to drought (Black and Lucas, 2000; Watpastures but often do not persist under grazing. In May of 1997 and 1998, field experiments were planted in cool-season grass pastures son et al., 1998), and tolerance to frequent defoliation near Morris, MN, to evaluate establishment and persistence of kura (Peterson et al., 2002; Peterson et al., 1994a) have inclover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) compared with alfalfa (Medicago creased interest in the potential of kura clover as a sativa L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and red clover component in pasture-based livestock production sys-(Trifolium pratense L.) under grazing pressure in the north-central tems. These characteristics are linked to its extensive, USA. Each spring, from planting through 2002, stands of these leroot-rhizome complex (Peterson et al., 1994b). In Wisgumes were evaluated for persistence. Pastures were grazed five or consin, Holstein steers grazing kura clover/mixed coolsix times per growing season for 12-h grazing periods by lactating season grass pastures gained an average of 1.2 kg d Ϫ1 dairy cows (Bos taurus L.) over the duration of the study. Kura clover and more than 1000 kg ha Ϫ1 during 3 yr of rotational stand density was low relative to the other species in the growing stocking (Mourino et al., 2002). The consistently supeseason after establishment but increased and maintained denser stands in subsequent growing seasons. Alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and red clo-

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In today’s scenario there will be a competition exists among various construction firm, so the risk management come into picture to assess the various risk related to project. Assigning the right severity factor as per the possibility of occurrence will impart the success of organization as well as success will impart the growth of nation with increase in G.D.P. In construction of road the assessment of right severity factor, will be considered as strength to lower down the delay of time over run. Tremendous amount of effort are applied in quantitative and qualitative manner for assessment of risk severity factor. However, many criteria for risk severity factor enable the decision making methods will smoothen the process of arriving at a solution and enable decision makers to make the right decisions. Decision-making problems need systematic approach to appraise the various alternatives using quantitative and non quantitative factors. Standard methods for solving problems will lack considerations of non-quantitative factors, where numeric values are difficult to assign. Different techniques like, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy set theory Making and Multi Criteria Decision are being used in risk severity factor. These techniques consider factors with concrete values or vague values. This research will provide solution to a risk severity factor for budget allocation problem, for allocating funds to competing and deserving organizations by using ranking analysis technique. Fuzzy set theory and AHP is used to calculate the Weights .Fuzzy set considers subjective values like preferred, strongly preferred etc. and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique evaluates relative importance of factors by making pair wise comparison matrix. The evaluation technique will facilitate in ranking of various severity factors according to their possibility of occurrence after assigning weights to decision making factor.

The growing concern for environment and pressing need for societal well‐being require organizations to encompass sustainability in their projects. This study attempts to propose an integrated systems thinking approach to attain sustainability in project‐based organizations (PBOs). An integrated approach consisting of viable system model (VSM), evolutionary game theory (EGT) and system dynamics (SD) is utilized to identify key organizational subsystems for achieving sustainability and analyse interaction patterns among various key personnel in PBOs. The proposed models are developed based on the data collected from two PBOs; thereafter, these models are validated through the data collected from eight PBOs (situated in Singapore and India). The outcomes of this study reveal key organizational subsystems that are required to achieve sustainability and differences in interaction patterns among various key personnel in PBOs, for these two countries. This study facilitates project professionals in identifying the best organizational designs to achieve sustainability in PBOs.