Objectives: To investigate possible side effects of ketoconazole and griseofulvin on fertility of clinically healthy male rabbits. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Thirty mature male rabbits. Procedures: Rabbits were randomly allocated into three equal sized groups (10 animals each). The first group served as a control group (received no treatment), the second group received griseofulvin (25 mg/kg B.W) orally for 30 days, and the third group received ketoconazole (50 mg/kg B.W) orally for 30 days. Semen samples were collected after 1 day, 1 week and 2 weeks post-administration to determine sperm motility, % of live and dead sperms, total sperm abnormalities and sperm cell concentration. Two weeks post-administration, testes and epididymides were removed for histopathological examination. Results: Both drugs produced a significant reduction in the serum testosterone level, sperm cell concentration, percent of live sperms and percent of sperm motility. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Ketoconazole and griseofulvin have a negative impact on fertility of male rabbits, and the effect is more pronounced with ketoconazole.

T o inves tig ate poss ible s ide e ffe cts of ke tocona z ole a nd g ris e ofulvin on fertility of clinica lly healthy male rabbits . Design: Random iz e d controlle d experim e ntal study. Animals : Thirty mature male rabbits . Proce dure s: Ra bbits we re ra ndom ly a lloca te d into thre e e qua l siz e d g roups (10 a nimals ea ch). T he firs t g roup s e rve d as a control g roup (re ceive d no tre atm e nt), the s e cond group re ce ive d g ris e ofulvin (25 mg / kg B.W ) orally for 30 da ys , a nd the third g roup re ce ive d ke tocona z ole (50 mg / kg B.W ) ora lly for 30 da ys . Se m e n sa m ple s we re colle cte d afte r 1 da y, 1 we e k a nd 2 we e ks post -a dm inistra tion to de te rm ine s pe rm m otility, % of live a nd de a d s pe rm s , tota l s pe rm a bnorm a lities a nd s pe rm cell conce ntra tion. T wo we e ks pos t-a dm inis tration, tes tes a nd e pididym ides we re re m ove d for histopa tholog ica l examination. Re s ults: Both drug s produce d a sig nifica nt re duction in the se rum tes tos te rone le ve l, sperm cell concentra tion, percent of live sperms and percent of sperm motility. Conclus ion and clinical re le vance: Ke toconaz ole a nd g ris e ofulvin ha ve a ne ga tive impa ct on fertility of male rabbits , and the effect is more pronounce d with ketoconaz ole .

The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of clove powder and thyme oil against experimentally-induced candidiasis in broiler chicken. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: One hundred and twenty five chicken of one month old were used in this study Procedures: Chicken were randomly allocated into 5 equal groups of 25 bird each. The first group was used as a negative control which received no treatment. The second group was experimentally infected with candida (C. albicans), and served as a positive control. Meanwhile, the third, fourth and fifth groups were also experimentally infected with candida, in addition to receiving clove powder (2 %), thyme oil (200 ml/kg) in diet and fluconazole (5 mg/kg) respectively, for 10 days after the appearance of the symptoms of candida. The symptoms included delayed gastrointestinal transit times, static crop or sour crop, anorexia and regurgitation. The normal thin wall of the crop become thickened with a complete crop stasis. Results: Administration of clove powder and thyme oil improved the symptoms induced by C. albicans and increased PCV %, ALT and AST level, with a decrease in erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count. Clove powder increased creatinine levels, while thyme oil decreased them. The tested plants induced marked histopathological alteration in crop, lung, intestine and gizzard of treated birds. Conclusion and clinical relevance:Clove powder and thyme oil can be used as an alternative medicine for the treatment of candidiasis in chicken.

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of clove powder and thyme oil against experimentally-induced candidiasis in broiler chicken. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: One hundred and twenty five chicken of one month old were used in this study Procedures: Chicken were randomly allocated into 5 equal groups of 25 bird each. The first group was used as a negative control which received no treatment. The second group was experimentally infected with candida (C. albicans), and served as a positive control. Meanwhile, the third, fourth and fifth groups were also experimentally infected with candida, in addition to receiving clove powder (2 %), thyme oil (200 ml/kg) in diet and fluconazole (5 mg/kg) respectively, for 10 days after the appearance of the symptoms of candida. The symptoms included delayed gastrointestinal transit times, static crop or sour crop, anorexia and regurgitation. The normal thin wall of the crop become thickened with a complete crop stasis. Results: Administration of clove powder and thyme oil improved the symptoms induced by C. albicans and increased PCV %, ALT and AST level, with a decrease in erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count. Clove powder increased creatinine levels, while thyme oil decreased them. The tested plants induced marked histopathological alteration in crop, lung, intestine and gizzard of treated birds. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Clove powder and thyme oil can be used as an alternative medicine for the treatment of candidiasis in chicken.