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A total of 41 accessions of Aglianico belonging to three different biotypes (Taburno, Taurasi, and Vulture) and 9 accessions of Sirica grapes were sampled from diverse areas of Campania (Italy). All accessions were first genotyped using 21 microsatellite markers (SSR) to evaluate possible homonymies, synonymies, and the genetic structure of each group. A larger dataset was then constructed adding Italian and International cultivars. On the basis of results obtained analyzing the first dataset, further investigations were carried out enlarging the number of investigated loci (up to 43). The addition of 22 SSRs was useful in the definition of likely genetic relationships linking Aglianico biotypes, Sirica and Syrah. According to their SSR allelic profiles, the monophyletic origin of the three Aglianico biotypes was confirmed. Among Aglianico Taburno accessions, eight samples (called Aglianico like-to-type) performed a different SSR allelic profile from Aglianico true-to-type. Sirica and Syrah proved to be synonyms. This work allowed to determine the genetic relationship between Aglianico and the cultivars supposed to be related. The parentage analysis was investigated. The most likely pedigree has been reconstructed; revealing a second-degree relationship between the worldwide cultivated Syrah from the Rhone Valley and Aglianico. Aglianico like-to-type appeared related to Aglianico in a parent-offspring fashion.

Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris grows principally in well preserved natural habitats. Its survival is threatened mainly by human land use practices. In spite of its importance as a progenitor of cultivated forms, very little research has been devoted to the study of its distribution and genetic structure. During the period 2007-2009 a census was carried out in 9 of the 20 Italian regions with major intensification in 4 of them. Eight hundred and twenty plants corresponding to 165 sites were found. Over 50% of these were localized in two regions only. After collection of the wooden material for greenhouse propagation and after rooting of the cuttings, samples were taken to perform genetic analysis using 10 nuclear SSR markers. Some genetic parameters (N e , H o , H e , F is , F st and I) were calculated on the allelic size, grouping plants once for locus and once for region of origin. The results showed Italian wild grapevine expressed altogether high biodiversity and low rate of isolation. In particular plants from Sicilia, in spite of their low number, stood out for their high heterozigosity and low inbreeding and isolation level. This particularity brought the same plants to have the high genetic distance in the NJ phylogenetic tree. PCA analysis separated in 2 well-defined groups along the first component without correspondence with geographical grouping. AMOVA analysis confirmed that the highest variance was placed within populations (only 5% of the overall variance was placed among populations). SSR marker analysis is still in progress to verify the existence of introgression among wild and cultivated compartments and to comprehend the extent of factors driving the genetic structure and the possible pattern of dissemination of wild grapevine in Italy.

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