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Neopterin is a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate, a purine nucleotide. Measuring neopterin concentrations in biological fluids such as urine provides information about cellular immune activation in humans under control of T helper cells. A high neopterin concentration in bodily fluids, including serum and urine, indicates cellular immunity activation, which is associated with oxidative stress. In this work, neopterin is the target molecule and imprinted onto poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) via solvent evaporation. The template molecules on the thin film are then removed, and the membrane is used as a sensing element for electrochemical urinalysis. Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) containing 27 mol% ethylene had high imprinting effectiveness and may be integrated with the proposed portable biosensor. In random urine analysis, the cyclic voltammetry measurements of neopterin with an additional recovery method achieved >95% recovery for the neopterin concentration of 15 ng/mL.

Various approaches for functional test generation have been discussed and proposed in the past decade. The most significant difference lies in the circuit modeling methodologies, such as BDD, RTLs, HDLs, state transition diagram. In this paper, we develop a functional test generation algorithm, which generates test patterns directly from a grapbical model, called the signal transition graph (STG). STG has been widely used for the design and modeling of asynchronous circuits, so we focus on the test generation for asynchronous circuits. In addition, we propose a token propagation fault model to model the fault effects exhibiting on STG, and apply the equivalence/dominance fault collapsing analysis to reduce the number of faults to be considered.

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