SUMMARY Results are given of a case-control study on bladder cancer in West Yorkshire. The aim of the study was to assess what risks exist for cigarette smoking in the United Kingdom and also to investigate if a dose response effect was present. The study shows for the first time in the United Kingdom a positive but weak relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer. Close examination of the data with regard to this effect shows that a complex set of relationships result when the quantity smoked and the period of smoking are taken into account. A dose response effect is weakly demonstrated when a medium quantity of cigarettes are smoked but it is not present at all in those who smoked most cigarettes for the longest periods. No risk appears to exist for those who have smoked only filter cigarettes. The results are contrasted with similar studies and the significance of the observations are discussed.An association between cigarette consumption and bladder cancer is known as a result of various types of epidemiological inquiry. Correlation studies by Lea,' Fraumeni,2 and Stevens and Moolgavkar,3 several follow up and birth cohort studies," and some case control studies7-13 all indicate that risks exist. There are, however, some deficiencies in our knowledge, in particular no other English case-control study has yet shown a risk.14 Part of the work presented here has already been published in a preliminary form15 but it is the purpose of this study to Tables 1 and 2 show the number of cases and controls in the analyses and their place of interview. Some of the later present fewer results than shown here due to lack of certain information. Table 3 gives the overall result of "ever" versus "never" cigarette smokers from the entire series. These results are similar to those reported in a preliminary study15 for men Table 4 indicates that for men the risks from cigarette smoking decline after abstinence of at least five years; the resulting risk for current smokers Table 5 shows that the risk of the current smokers varies slightly with age at diagnosis but not to any significant degree.

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The cystometrograms of 61 patients with a history of stress incontinence and no other urinary symptoms were evaluated. Of the sixty-one patients, seven had unstable bladders and in seven of the patients stress incontinence could not be demonstrated. It was concluded that all patients with stress incontinence in whom surgery is being contemplated should be subjected to urodynamic study regardless of their history.

The value of cephradine prophylaxis in reducing urinary infection was assessed in 243 patients undergoing endoscopy for bladder carcinoma. Patients were randomised either to receive 3 peri-operative doses of cephradine or to receive no antibiotic. Urine specimens taken on the fifth post-operative day showed a significantly lower urinary infection rate in those patients receiving cephradine prophylaxis.

We present 6 cases of traumatic rupture of the testis. Early scrotal exploration is indicated in this condition and may involve either repair or removal of the injured testis. The extent of microvascular damage to the testis determines the outcome of a repair operation.