The existence of any nation depends on worldwide communication. In the era of globalisation, translation practices have become even more essential. In the context of communication, cultural translation has always been necessary but little is known as to how untranslatable can be made translatable. From this perspective, this research is a timely addition to the science of translation. Translation demand increases from year to year and so is demand for a general review of papers regarding the role and place of untranslatables in translation. This research aims to present a comparative analysis of Kazakhstani writings and their Russian and English translations. Results show that transliteration is the primary way to translate general ethnographic realia into Russian. The second translation method that is often used is the equivalent translation (using words with meanings that are similar to the meanings of the original words). Additionally, translators may create a calque or new words and phrases. Results obtained can be useful when searching for the most suitable translation options.

Language is a historical category, so it is constantly evolving and undergoing changes. A word and its meaning as the main part of the language expand, narrow, the meaning undergoes changes or completely goes out of use of the language along with the development of society. This is a linguistic pattern, so change in the meaning of a word is one of the most actual problems of linguistics, which requires a constant study. Studying the meaning of a word, we get information from the language, the history, culture, life of people who speak this language. The article analyzes and comprehensively studies changes in the meanings of words common to the Turkic languages. Linguistic analysis of word meanings is performed by etymological, historical and comparative methods. Giving specific language data from the Turkic languages, it was told about the similarities in the meanings of common words and features which appeared over time. In addition, information about the culture, history, knowledge and existence of people of Turkic origin is used to reveal the meanings of words. The research analyzes the opinions of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue. The authors share their conclusions, which do not always coincide with existing judgments about the meaning of individual words. Currently words which have unclear meaning, disconnected from the basic meaning, and even lost their meaning are analyzed using data from oral folk art, works related to medieval language monuments. The information presented in the article can be widely used in research related to the history of the Kazakh literary language, etymology of words.

Language is the mirror of culture. The relationship between language and culture is very important. It is known that types and names of every culture are characterized and given through generation. It is connected with the formation of psychological entirety, as economic regional entirety, and the origin of nation and related language, economic regional entirety and related language. Therefore to define the similarity and difference between the names of Turkic languages is one of the main problems of linguistics. It’s known that the word evolution is always changing and developing. And this growth influences to the usage of words and their meanings. This article investigates the real cultural names of Turkic languages and their difference in meaning and form is defined by language historical data. Etymologic and historical-comparative analysis are made to the semantics of archaisms in modern Kazakh language.

The purpose of the research. This paper describes the linguistic situation in the oil industry of Kazakhstan. The linguistic situation in the oil industry of Kazakhstan is characterized by functioning of the trilingualism with three languages being used simultaneously – Kazakh, Russian and English. Methods and procedure of research. A survey was conducted among industry staff for the level identification of Kazakh-Russian-English trilingualism. Based on questionnaire method, we interviewed 600 oil industry specialists comparing the level of proficiency in the second and third languages, identifying the level of activity and particular spheres of communication for L1, L2, L3 for informants with different socio-demographic characteristics as well as individual motivations when choosing, studying and using the second and third languages Results. Obtained records point out that the forms of interaction of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages are far from being similar. Kazakhs who do not know their native language, but only understand certain phrases make up 2.7%. Statistical data analysis revealed that 80.6% of Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, 1.4% of Kazakhs do not know Russian, 1.0% of Kazakhs are able to understand certain phrases. The age groups of 21-25, 26-35, and 36-45 have the highest English speakers percentage. Conclusions. The Kazakh-Russian-English trilingualism is widespread among representatives of various social and professional groups of the oil industry, who speak their native Kazakh and Russian languages fluently, and also know how to communicate in English.

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