SynopsisThe general phenomenon of voltage collapse or instability at the load end of transmission links is introduced with reference to previous work, and the induction motor is seen to be the critical constituent of system loads. The power/voltage and reactive-power/voltage characteristics of power-system loads are predicted and accurately represented by polynomial expressions which are used in the analysis of radial transmission links fed from infinite busbars. Graphs summarising the critical load voltages and the corresponding short-circuit levels for various transformer tap ratios are given and are general in application; these are based on the dV\dZ criterion for voltage stability. It is shown that, although tap changing to raise the load voltage increases the critical length of the link, it also reduces the margin between normal operating voltage and the voltage at the onset of instability. The effects of the injection of reactive power by static capacitors are discussed, together with the effect of the induction-motor content of the loads. The use of the dEJdV r criterion as advocated in the Russian literature is discussed.List of symbols E s = voltage at supply infinite busbar I sc = short-circuit current at load (3-phase symmetrical) N = off-nominal tap ratio P -power Q = reactive power 5 = apparent power s -slip V r = voltage at receiving end Z = impedance = Z ^/d S 12 = angle between phasors V x and V 2 6 = tan" 1 {XIR) a = 90 -0 OJ S = synchronous speed r refers to receiving end s refers to sending end IntroductionThe various papers which have previously discussed the process of voltage instability suggest that it can take more than one form. A process called voltage instability is discussed by Birch, 1 in which the instability, although caused by an insufficiency of reactive power at a load busbar, is synchronous in nature. In another report, 2 a voltage 'avalanche' process is described in a system during a period of light load in summer, when generating plant was at a minimum and short-circuit levels were low. A lack of reactive power caused a lowering of voltage, which resulted in load tap-changing transformers reducing transformation ratios, thus increasing further the line-voltage drops. As this process continued around the system, eventually voltage collapse was experienced.. This process was essentially nonsynchronous in form and occurred over a relatively long period of time. In a further description, 3 the process is not synchronous and depends upon the characteristics of the asynchronous load.The main factor in all these accounts is the inability of the network to meet a demand for reactive power, the actual process of instability being triggered by some form of disturbance resulting in changes in the reactive-power situation. Also, the local generation with respect to the load is relatively remote electrically, and the voltage changes do not create an adequate response from the generators. Owing to the slow nature of the voltage collapse (except as described in Reference 1), the process may...

In order to determine the stresses in high-voltage DC cable accessories containing a combination of Voltalit (a proprietary epoxy insulation), SF6 and paper/oil insulation, a knowledge of the surface and bulk conductivity of the Voltalit is required. It is also necessary to determine the coefficients governing the dependence of both conductivities with temperature and stress, and the variation of conductivities with time after the application of a step function of direct voltage. Although the bulk conductivity of Voltalit has been determined previously, the surface conductivity in an environment of SF6 is not available. The time dependences of both bulk and surface conductivities after the application of a direct voltage are also unknown. Measurements are made over the range of stress and temperature expected in cable accessories, and equations relating both bulk and surface conductivities with stress and temperature determined. The variation of conductivity with time after the application of a step voltage is also presented.List of symbols E = stress, kVmm ~1 9 = temperature, °C a = bulk conductivity, Sm" 1 o s = surface conductivity, S t = time, min p = resistivity, flm

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