The understanding of the complex aging processes of water miscible metalworking fluids and their effect on the performance in machining processes is of high relevance for the metalworking industry. Nevertheless, only little knowledge is available in this context. Due to the highly dynamic interactions in the complex ecosystem "metalworking fluid", a distinct correlating of the aging process with the performance of the fluid in metalworking processes is hardly possible. Consequences of the aging process on physical, chemical and biological properties of the fluid have been described in several research works. These consequences comprise aspects such as the decrease of the pH-value, the increase of the droplet size, the presence of bacterial cells or the modification of the metalworking fluid composition. The novel approach of the presented work aims to investigate the individual influence of isolated aging aspects on the lubricity of metalworking fluids. Therefore, selected aging aspects were artificially varied separately from each other and evaluated in tribological experiments. It could be shown that the physical presence of bacterial cells as well as extracellular polymeric substances have positive influence on the lubricating ability while the pH-value has no effect and the droplet size only a slight influence on the fluids performance. The results reveal essential knowledge for the design of future monitoring and maintenance strategies for water miscible metalworking fluids.
KurzfassungDie Alterung wassergemischter Kühlschmierstoffe infolge der Besiedlung und Zersetzung durch Mikroorganismen ist von hoher Bedeutung für die metallverarbeitende Industrie. Ein breites Spektrum an Bakterien- und Pilzarten ist in der Lage, so gut wie alle verfügbaren chemischen Substanzen im Kühlschmierstoff als Energie- oder Kohlenstoffquelle in ihren Stoffwechsel einzubinden. In den vorgestellten Untersuchungen werden Effekte der Kühlschmierstoffalterung anhand relevanter Parameter diskutiert, wobei ein konventioneller Kühlschmierstoff auf Mineralölbasis und ein mineralölfreies Produkt auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe gegenübergestellt wurden. Unterschiedliche Strategien von Mikroorganismen bei der Verstoffwechselung der verfügbaren chemischen Substanzen werden anhand der Entwicklung der dynamischen Oberflächenspannung und des pH-Wertes diskutiert. Unter anderem zeigte sich, dass die Besiedlung mineralölbasierter Kühlschmierstoffe durch Mikroorganismen eine längere Anlaufphase benötigt als bei Grundölen auf pflanzlicher Basis. Mittelfristig sind jedoch beide Kühlschmierstoffe gleichermaßen stark besiedelt, was sich u. a. negativ auf die Korrosionsschutzeigenschaften der Fluide auswirkt. Eine Verschlechterung der Leistungsfähigkeit in Tribologietests aufgrund der bakteriellen Kontamination konnte gleichwohl nicht belegt werden.
For various industrial manufacturing processes, water-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) are of high relevance due to their cooling and lubricating ability. They commonly form oil-in-water emulsions or solutions and hence their composition and stability is crucial for their performance in the metalworking process. To ensure a long service life of the MWF, intense monitoring is obligatory. However, examination techniques which display comprehensive and precise information about the actual state of the cooling lubricant in use are currently not available. The present study aims at testing the suitability of spectroscopic methods in terms of Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for analyzing and monitoring MWFs. It is shown that all three techniques are capable of determining the initial composition, i.e., the ratio of water and concentrate. Fourier transform infrared provides the best performance regarding monitoring the state of the fluid over an extended period of time. The spectral signatures show distinct changes during a five-month service life in a technical environment.
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