Objectives:Prognosis of the avulsed teeth is mostly affected by extraoral dry period and storage medium used to store teeth before reimplantation. However, ability of storage media can affect cell viability and success of treatment. Various storage media were tried with some success. The present study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the efficacy of hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), propolis, Aloe vera, and pomegranate juice (PJ) in preserving the vitality of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells of avulsed teeth.Materials and Methods:Fifty orthodontically extracted sound teeth with healthy PDL were selected for the present study. Selected teeth were randomly divided into study groups (10 in each) and 5 each as positive and negative control groups. All the teeth were immersed immediately after extraction into respective storage media. Data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS software for Windows, Version 19.0., IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA. Analysis of variance and multiple range were done using Tukey's honestly significant difference with level of significance at 5% (P > 0.05).Results:Propolis (285,000 viable cells with standard deviation 4.11028 and standard error of 1.38097) showed more viable PDL cells followed by HBSS, A. vera, and PJ.Conclusion:Propolis, A. vera, and PJ can be used as an alternative tooth storage media.

Children under the age of 5 years generally spend most of their time with their parents and guardians, especially mothers, even when they attend pre-schools or nurseries. It has been found that young children's oral health maintenance and outcomes are influenced by their parent's knowledge and beliefs. This study was done to assess the mother's knowledge about the oral health of their pre-school children in Moradabad, India. Mothers of children aged 1-4 years, attending the hospital for vaccination or regular checkups in the pediatric division of government hospitals, were invited to participate in the study. A 20-item questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, dietary practices, oral hygiene practices and importance of deciduous teeth, was distributed to their mothers, during their visit to the hospital. Responses of the mothers were recorded on a Likert Scale. The sample comprised 406 mothers, with the mean age of children being 3.8 years. Three hundred (73.8%) mothers had a good knowledge about diet and dietary practices, while only 110 (27.1%) and 103 (25.4%) mothers were found to have a good knowledge about the importance of oral hygiene practices and importance of deciduous teeth, respectively. Mothers with higher educational qualification and information gained through dentist had a better knowledge about child's oral health. Oral hygiene habits and dietary habits are established during pre-school days and the parents, especially mothers, function as role models for their children.

During routine dissection which was carried out for medical students, in a female cadaver which was aged about 40 years, a circumaortic left renal vein draining into inferior vena cava was observed. The left renal vein was duplicated, one being preaortic (anterosuperior) and other being postaortic (posteroinferior). The anterior vein ran at right angles to open into inferior vena cava (as has been shown in [ DisCussionThe left and right renal veins are of large sizes and they run in front of renal arteries and renal pelvis. They open into the inferior vena cava, almost at right angles. The left renal vein is thrice as long as the right one and it crosses the posterior abdominal wall by passing in front of aorta, at the level of transpyloric plane. Its two important tributaries are left supra renal and left gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins. Occasionally, it may be duplicated, as in this case, where one passes in front and the other behind the aorta, as a result of persistent pre and postaortic anasomotic (ventral and dorsal limbs) channels [1].It is derived from the renal collar (circumaortic renal venous ring) at an embryonic stage and is completed by the persistence of both ventral (preaortic) limb and dorsal (postaortic) limb at a later stage [1]. Left renal vein is a composite vessel which develops from three sources, they are [1]. Cranial portion of sub cardinal vein, [2]. Anastomosis between left sub cardinal and supra cardinal veins and [3]. preaortic anastomosis between the right and left sub cardinal veins. As the anastomosis between two sub cardinal and supra cardinal veins regresses, ventral and dorsal anastomotic channels are formed. During the normal formation of left renal vein, the dorsal vessel degenerates and the ventral vessel becomes the renal vein. Occasionally, it may be duplicated, as in this case, where one passes in front and the other behind the aorta, as a result of persistent pre and postaortic anasomotic (ventral and dorsal limbs) channels. Thus, the dorsal aorta is encircled by a renal collar, wherein preaortic anastomosis persists, as the left renal vein and the postaortic anastomosis form the retroaortic left renal vein [2]. Drainage of lumbar vein may also be anomalous in these cases, as in this, where it opens into retroaortic renal vein. Computerized tomography and computerized tomographic venography are tools essential for identifying vascular anomalies such as circumaortic and retroaortic left renal veins [3]. Identification of this anomaly is very important in preoperative planning for nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, and living donor nephrectomy. Circumaortic left renal vein is an uncommon anomaly which can be associated with intermittent haematuria [4]. Angiogram reveals double left renal veins in the form of a venous collar. Computed tomography depicts the preaortic and retroaortic left renal veins clearly [3,5]. In a survey of haematuria, circumaortic renal vein should be taken into consideration in a differential diagnosis, and an appreciation of the specific radio...

Aim:The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to evaluate the influence of double application and application of hydrophobic layer on marginal adaptation of four self-etch adhesive systems (XENOIII, ALLBONDSE, CLEARFIL SE TRI BOND, FUTURA BOND).Materials and Methods:One hundred and twenty class V cavities were prepared on intact, extracted human premolars and were divided into three groups of ten teeth each for all four adhesives. Group 1: Application of bonding agents as per manufacturer directions. Group 2: Double application of bonding agents. Group 3: Application of hydrophobic layer. The specimens were restored with composite and light cured. After thermocycling and immersion in 2% Basic Fuchsin dye solution, the teeth were sectioned and dye penetration was observed under a stereomicroscope at 20× magnification. All the samples were scored and results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.Results:Group 3, in which the adhesive systems were coated with hydrophobic layer, showed significantly decreased microleakage, followed by Group 1 and Group 2 for all the adhesive systems. And there is no significant different between Group 1 and Group 2.Conclusion:Marginal permeability of one-step adhesives can be minimized by the application of more hydrophobic resin layer, and the double application of one-step self-etch system can be safely performed without jeopardizing the performance of adhesives.

It is essential that clinicians have a thorough understanding of the interplay between root canal microflora and the endodontic disease processes in order to develop an effective rationale for treatment. Newer information on endodontic micro flora improves our ability to effectively debride and disinfect the root canal system and manage infections of endodontic origin. New molecular based techniques have been introduced thus bringing about a massive change in procedures for microbial identification. This knowledge can be put into practical use resulting in improvements in the quality of treatment offered to our patients. This review focuses on the microflora in primary and root-filled canals of deciduous and permanent teeth.