Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) commonly occurs in pregnancy, due to the morphological and physiological changes that take place in the genitourinary tract.Asymptomatic bacteriuria refers to the presence of bacteria in urine, and is a condition in which urine culture reveals a significant growth of pathogens that is greater than 10 5 bacteria/ml, but without the patient showing symptoms (Gilbert et al., 2005). The apparent reduction in immunity of pregnant women appears to encourage the growth of both commensal and non-commensal microorganisms (Scott et al., 1990). The most untoward consequence of Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy is severe renal damage. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in some woman may lead to pyelonephritis or cystitis during pregnancy, while in others there may be no symptoms of urinary tract infection through-out gestation, but may develop urinary tract infection during puerperium. Pregnancy enhances the progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic bacteriuria which could lead to pyelonephritis and adverse obstetric outcomes such as prematurity, low birth weight (Connolly and Thorp, 1999) and higher fetal mortality rates (Nicolle, 1994;Delzell and Leferre, 2000). This study therefore was carried out to determine the prevalence of Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in pregnant women and to isolate, identify the causative organisms; and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated pathogens. A total of 200 pregnant women who came for ante-natal checkup in outpatient department at Govt. Maternity Hospital, Nayapool. Hyderabad were studied over a period of one year. Clean catch midstream urine sample was collected into a sterile container and then subjected to culture method. Out of 200 patients studied, significant bacteriuria was noted in 36 (18%) cases and 8(4%) patients had insignificant bacteriuria. Highest incidence of 22 cases (61.11%) were reported in the age group of 26-35 years. It was found that Asymptomatic bacteriuria showed significant increase with respect to parity, higher incidence was seen in multi gravidae 58.9% (3 and 4th parity). Incidence of Asymptomatic bacteriuria was found to decrease with the increase in gestation time, maximum number were noted in first trimester 19 (52.78%) followed next by second trimester 13 (36.11%) and in third trimester 4 (11.11%). E. coli 20 (55.56%),was the most common etiological agent followed by Klebsiella spp in 9 cases (25%) Coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 2 cases (5.56%) and Pseudomonas spp in 2 cases (5.56%), Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus each in one case (2.78%) all the strains were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem. As asymptomatic bacteriuria is associated with complications in pregnancy, it is therefore imperative that pregnant women be screened for bacteriuria, periodically in every trimester of the gestational period. Routine urine culture tests should be carried out for all antenatal women to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria, and every positive case should ...

Parasitic infection caused by helminths and protozoa are the major cause of human disease in most countries of tropical region. It is estimated that about 3.5 billion people are infected with intestinal parasites of whom 450 million are ill. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection varies not only geographically but also in different region in the same country. The present study is undertaken to determine the rate of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among all age group of people in this tribal area and to determine the best concentration technique to identify maximum number of intestinal parasites. Material & Methods: A total of 836 stools samples were collected from patients with symptoms of parasitic infestation and the same were subjected to (1) Gross examination (2) Direct microscopic examination by using saline and iodine preparation and (3) modified Ziehl Neelson staining after fixing with methanol (4) different concentration technique viz.. (a) Brine concentration flotation technique (b) Zinc sulphate flotation technique (c) Formal ether concentration sedimentation technique (d) Merthiolate iodine formalin sedimentation technique. Results: Out of total 836 stools samples the detection rate by various methods was 286(34.2%) for ova and cysts of protozoa , coccidian and helminths. Compared to females (29.75%), males (38%) were more affected. The direct smear saline mount could only detect 36% while the maximum detection 66% of intestinal parasite was after Formalin ether concentrated sedimentation technique. Among the intestinal protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica (53.49%) was the most common followed by Giardia cysts (8.04%). Coccidian parasites like cryptosporidium parvum and isospora beli were detected in the HIV infected patient only. Ascaris lumbricoides (16.43%) followed by ancylostoma duodenele (9.09%) were the common helminthic infections. Conclusion: Early and prompt diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infection is important as in addition to morbidity and mortality they contribute to malnutrition, growth retardation and diminished work capacity.

Background: Intestinal anastomosis is one of the most commonly performed procedures, especially in the emergency setting and is also in the elective setting when resection is carried out for benign or malignant lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. Anastomotic leakage is a potentially disastrous complication, which can lead to sepsis and abdominal catastrophe. The aim of the study is to determine factors leading to post-operative leaks in gastrointestinal surgeries involving different kinds of anastomosis and to determine the role of parameters such as pre-operative hemoglobin, serum albumin, indication for surgery, degree of contamination, type of anastomosis, technical variations and postoperative management in anastomotic leaks. We also aim to determine the morbidity and mortality variation and to study the various presentations of anastomotic leak in the patient group as well.Methods: A prospective study was conducted from December 2015 till the end of august 2017 at Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar. All patients undergoing gastrointestinal anastomosis electively and as an emergency procedure were included in this study. The total number of cases studied is 60.Results: Out of the 60 cases in this study, 49 cases were done electively, and 11 cases were done on an emergency basis. Anastomotic leaks occurred most in emergency cases (27.27%). Among 5 patients, (71.42%) leaks were managed conservatively and rest required intervention. There was increased death rate in patients with leak. Leaks occurred maximum in jejunoileal anastomosis. Most common organ involved was esophagus (28.57%).Conclusions: Anastomotic leaks are a common complication following all types of gastrointestinal anastomosis. It is believed, hypoalbuminemia hinders anastomotic healing. Surgeries indicated in emergency situation carried increased risk of operative leaks in post-operative period.

Microbial keratitis is a sight threatening infection of the cornea and is a major cause of blindness in India. Though several risk factors such as corneal trauma, blepharitis, herpetic keratitis, xerophthalmia, keratopathies, and eyelid abnormalities, are cited, its incidence has been increased in the past few years, and the wear of contact lens emerging as one of the major risk factors. This retrospective study was undertaken at Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital-A Tertiary Eye Care Hospital in Hyderabad, India and is aimed to define the microbiological profile of bacterial keratitis, to identify the prevalence, its risk factors, and to test the in vitro antimicrobial resistance of the bacterial isolates. This is a retrospective study were a total of 102 patients presenting to the Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital -A Tertiary Eye Care Hospital in Hyderabad with infected corneal ulcer were included. Their socio-demographic data and risk factors were recorded. Corneal scrapings were collected from the edge of the ulcer and microbiologically processed using standard operating procedure. Bacteriological profile was determined by standard biochemical tests and the sensitivity/resistance of isolated strains was tested for on antimicrobial agents that are currently used in ocular infections (NCCLS disc diffusion test) according to the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines. In our study Corneal trauma followed by use of contact lens was found to be the major risk factors for microbial keratitis the age range of 41-60 years was the most affected group. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella spp, serratia marcescens. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern revealed that most of Gram-negative bacilli were susceptible to fourth generation cephalosporin -Cefepime, Lomefloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin, while most of Gram-positive cocci were susceptible to vancomycin, Cefepime gatifloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Bacterial keratitis, the epidemiological data of which reveals its universal occurrence, and since it is a potentially sight-threatening corneal condition that can progress very rapidly, with complete corneal destruction occurring within 24-48 hours, particular attention should be given to predisposing risks like trauma, contact lens wear etc and to early diagnosis. While diagnosis is primarily clinical, it is substantiated largely by microbiological data and analysis and comparing the changing trends of the aetiology and their susceptibility patterns. To reduce the possibility of permanent visual loss and reduce structural damage to the cornea prompt treatment is needed. As fourth generation cephalosporin's and Fluoroquinolones have shown promise in the treatment they should be used judiciously and since drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, routine surveillance and monitoring studies should be conducted to provide an update and to institute most effective empirical tr...

BACKGROUNDPalpable breast lumps are a common occurrence in women all over the world. The prevalence of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions varies from region to region. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a rapid, minimally invasive, reliable and relatively simple diagnostic method. We wanted to study the frequencies of different lesions in FNAC of breast lump in our region and to observe cyto-histological correlation wherever possible. METHODSA two years prospective study was carried out in the department of pathology, RIMS, Imphal during the period January 2016 -December 2017. A total of 434 cases of breast lesions were encountered during this period. RESULTSOf the total 434 cases infectious/inflammatory lesions were 100 (23.1%), benign 268 (61.7%), malignant 40 (9.2%), suspicious for malignancy 02 (0.5%), unsatisfactory 18 (4.1%), and others 6 (1.4%). The most frequent infectious/inflammatory lesion was acute mastitis in 50 (11.5%) followed by sub-areolar abscess in 17 (3.9%) and fat necrosis in 17 (3.9%). Fibroadenoma in 142 (32.7%) cases was the most common benign breast lesion followed by benign proliferative breast lesion without atypia 14 (22.1%). Among the malignant, 39 (9%) cases were carcinoma and one case (0.2%) was lymphoma. Mean age of presentation was 32.82 years. Most commonly involved age group was 21-30 years and right breast was more commonly involved. Cytohistological correlation was done in 41 cases and 35 benign and 6 malignant cases diagnosed cytologically were confirmed by histology, though there were cases with variable diagnosis. So, in differenting benign from malignant lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value was 100%. CONCLUSIONSFNAC is a reliable and rapid diagnostic tool in the workup of breast lesions. It also helps in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions and plays an important role in management of the patient. KEYWORDSFNAC, Breast lump, Neoplastic HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Das KK, Khuraijam SD, Khuraijam S, et al. Cytological spectrum of female breast lesions in a tertiary centre: a two years study.