The study was carried out to determine the contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples (n=66) of raw milk, from three distinctive animal species (cow, n = 30; goat, n = 20; sheep, n = 16) at Yobe State University farm Damaturu in 2018. The analytical strategy utilized was high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Immunoaffinity columns were used to achieve clean–up step during HPLC and fluorometric determination. The outcomes demonstrated that 36 (54.54%) samples out of the 66 samples are debased with AFM1. The sullying rates of AFM1 in dairy animals, goat milk and sheep milk were 80.0%, 25.0% and 46.75% respectively. The mean concentration for the cow, goat and sheep milk was  0.1333µg/l, 0.0462µg/l and 0.0519µg/l respectively. The general mean convergence of AFM1 levels for positive samples from the three distinctive species was 0.0727 µg/l and there was no huge contrast (p = 0.3624) in fixation levels between the three species. The estimated intake (EDI) of AFM1 from consumption of cow milk products by teachers and the students was 0.00158g/kg b.w/day based on one-day recall methods, while hazard index was recorded to be 1.58 x10-4. The high levels of AFM1 concentration recorded in this study is an indication of contamination by the fungus during storage of feeds, this may have negative effects on the human and animal’s health since it’s proven to be carcinogenic, causes growth impairment and immune suppression. Measures should be enforced on the storage of feeds which will consequently decrease the odds of aflatoxin in milk of

A surveillance study was conducted to determine the rates of mixing beef illegally with other selected animal species meats of inferior quality in Kerbala Governorate. Over an 8-month period ( September 2012 to May 2013), a total of 120 samples of meat products viz., 40 local minced meats, 40 local beef burger and 40 imported beef burger were purchased from Kerbala city and analyzed by Agar Gel Immuno-Diffusion test ( AGID) for detecting substitution of undesirable meat species. Meat extracts from camel, chicken and donkey were prepared. Rabbits were injected with meat extracts for preparation of hyper-immune sera, whereas, blood was collected to get the specific anti-sera. Positive result was recorded when precipitation line observed between the antibody and the corresponding meat extract. The incidence of adulteration was detected in 6 (5%) samples with camel meat and 23 ( 19.16%) samples with chicken meat, while none of the samples was found adulterated with donkey meat .Camel meat found in 4 (10%), 2 ( 5%) and 0 ( 0%) of local minced meat, local beef burger and imported beef burger respectively. However, chicken meat detected in 8 (20%), 10 (25%) and 5 ( 12.5%) of local minced meat, local beef burger and imported beef burger respectively.It was concluded that substitution of meat products, in which inferior quality meat is mixed into beef, has been existed in Kerbala Governorate.