A study was carried out at kerbala slaughterhouses during 6 month-period from October 2015 to March 2016 in order to estimate the economic losses of condemned livers and lungs of slaughtered ruminants due to common reportable diseases. Diagnosis of diseases and lesions of livers and lungs depended on pathological changes of organ, color, size, consistency, presence of parasites and lesions. Out of 67,500 heads of slaughtered sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes  which were slaughtered during this study at Kerbala abattoirs,  condemnation of livers and lungs was carried out in 2002 (2.96%) of the slaughtered animals, of which 22 (0.03%) , 15 (0.02%) , 302 (0.45%) , 91 (0.13%)  of the slaughtered animals were  due to hydatidosis, facioliasis , lung worms, pneumonia and hepatitis respectively. The highest infection rate of the condemned livers in slaughtered ruminants was recorded due to hydatidosis 1,324(1.96%), followed by hepatitis 91(0.13%) and fascioliasis 22(0.03%). The livers of 1.32% sheep, 7.42% goat, 3.36% cattle and 4.06% buffaloes carried hydatid cysts, and the infection rate of hydatidosis in livers of goats was significantly higher than other animal species with ( P< 0.05 ).  However, lungs of slaughtered ruminants were frequently disposed due to hydatid cyst (1.004%) ,followed by pneumonia (0.45%)  and lung worms (0.02%), and that lungs of goats (3.72%) were condemned more frequently with a significant difference ( P <0.05) than other animal spp. The findings of the current study revealed that condemnation of livers and lungs of sheep, goat, cattle and buffaloes in kerbala abattoirs due to parasitic infestation and other pathological lesions caused considerable economic   losses.   The estimated total losses due to condemned livers and lungs in buffaloes and cattle were (28,250,000 Iraqi Dinars ,ID) (21,730 $) but in sheep and goats ,the losses were (46,650,000 ID) (35,884 $) and the total economic losses recorded in this period of study for all species of animals  slaughtered  in abattoirs due to condemned lungs and livers  were  (74,900,000 ID) (57,615 $) .

A surveillance study was conducted to determine the rates of mixing beef illegally with other selected animal species meats of inferior quality in Kerbala Governorate. Over an 8-month period ( September 2012 to May 2013), a total of 120 samples of meat products viz., 40 local minced meats, 40 local beef burger and 40 imported beef burger were purchased from Kerbala city and analyzed by Agar Gel Immuno-Diffusion test ( AGID) for detecting substitution of undesirable meat species. Meat extracts from camel, chicken and donkey were prepared. Rabbits were injected with meat extracts for preparation of hyper-immune sera, whereas, blood was collected to get the specific anti-sera. Positive result was recorded when precipitation line observed between the antibody and the corresponding meat extract. The incidence of adulteration was detected in 6 (5%) samples with camel meat and 23 ( 19.16%) samples with chicken meat, while none of the samples was found adulterated with donkey meat .Camel meat found in 4 (10%), 2 ( 5%) and 0 ( 0%) of local minced meat, local beef burger and imported beef burger respectively. However, chicken meat detected in 8 (20%), 10 (25%) and 5 ( 12.5%) of local minced meat, local beef burger and imported beef burger respectively.It was concluded that substitution of meat products, in which inferior quality meat is mixed into beef, has been existed in Kerbala Governorate.