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Studying the interaction between hydrology, land use, and climate change is necessary to support sustainable water resources management. It is unknown how land management interventions in dry climate conditions can benefit water yield in the context of climate and land use change interactions. In this study, we assessed the effects of both land use and predicted climate change on the Mordagh Chay basin water yield using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model. First, we modeled the current water yield, followed by developing six combined climate–land use scenarios until 2030 based on the CCSM4 climate model for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. We used three future land use scenarios simulated by the Dyna‐CLUE model. The trend scenario of land use change, which does not include any improvements in irrigation efficiency, significantly affected basin water yield under both climate scenarios. Water yield decreases by 19.8% and 31.8% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Under all land use scenarios that included improvements in irrigation efficiency, the water yield responded positively. For the RCP4.5 scenario, the water yield was projected to increase between 16.6% and 18% depending on the land use scenario. The increase in water yield under the RCP8.5 climate scenario was much lower than for the RCP4.5 scenario (about one‐third). Overall, the results showed that by adopting appropriate irrigation efficiency, it is possible to achieve a better balance between environmental needs and regional economic and agricultural development. The results provide insight into possible sustainable development options and also provide guidance for managing the other Urmia Lake sub‐basins, whereas the approach of integrated assessment of climate, land use change, and land management options is also applicable in other conditions to help inform sustainable management.

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Soil contamination with crude oil is an important worldwide issue and the remediation of oil contaminated soils, sediments and groundwater is a major environmental challenge. In the target area of this survey, which is a petroleum refinery near Tehran, soil and groundwater pollution, and its source, contaminated area, and distribution of pollution were studied by means of different measurements. Oil content and volatile organic compounds were measured to determine soil and groundwater contamination. The investigations showed that the contamination of soil which is mainly silt and clay has reached to the groundwater which is around 20 m underground and formed an oily layer mainly containing gasoline, kerosene, and gas oil with different thicknesses in the whole area. The free oil existing over the groundwater table could be removed by physical ways such as pump and treat method but decontamination of soil is more complex. Due to long-lasting contamination of the field, the existence of accumulated indigenous microorganisms and the probable ability of them to effectively biodegrade pollutants by man-assisted interventions are expected. In this survey in order to clarify the contamination problem, some experiments have been done on the region soil and groundwater. Besides, the feasibility assessment of bioremediation in the investigated area is performed.