Purpose of the study: to present up-to-date data on molecular genetic studies aimed to identify the risks of developing prostate cancer in representatives of various ethnic groups. Material and Methods. Literary sources were searched in databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar. We had analyzed 60 sources on the risks of developing prostate cancer. The epidemiological data on the prostate cancer incidence and risk factors depending on age characteristics, hormonal status and hereditary predisposition were shown. Results. The pathogenetic features of prostate cancer depending on ethnicity were described. The paper presents data from both European and Asian ethnic groups. In a number of studies, significant genetic differences in single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the development of prostate cancer were identified. Conclusion. Research in the field of determining the risks of developing prostate cancer becomes more and more relevant due to the emergence of new molecular genetic markers, as well as the influence of various ethnic characteristics. Nevertheless, many questions of modern diagnosis of prostate cancer are still open, therefore, research in this area remains promising.

The review is devoted to the application of photodynamic diagnosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The recent data on the mechanism of action of photosensitizers, the method of performing fluorescence cystoscopy are presented, and the results of clinical studies of the application of photodynamic diagnostics in practical medicine are presented. It has been shown that photodynamic diagnostics significantly increases the efficiency of detecting bladder cancer in comparison with standard cystoscopy. The application of this method is especially valuable in cases of carcinoma in situ and multifocal growth of urothelial tumors. Improvement in diagnostics makes it possible to increase the radicality of surgical treatment and to increase the duration of the relapse-free period.

Purpose: To study the effectiveness of dynamic computer cavernosography at the stage of preoperative examination of patients with venogenic erectile dysfunction (ED). Material and methods: 92 patients with venogenic erectile dysfunction were operated. Patients were divided into two groups depending on preoperative planning. Patients in group 1, pharma doppler sonography of the penis was used for preoperative planning. In group 2 – pharma doppler sonography of the penis and dynamic computer cavernosography were used. Resection of the deep dorsal vein of the penis was undergone in patients with proven distal type of shunt. A survey of patients was carried out before surgery and 12 months after surgical treatment according to the validated international rating scales of the erectile function. Results: After preoperative planning and surgical treatment scores of erectile function in both groups changed. In both groups the proportion of patients with a severe degree of ED significantly decreased. The level of assessment of the quality of erection in group 1 remained almost the same, but 26 % of patients recorded a maximum score of 4. In group 2 the majority of patients (56 %) described their condition with a maximum score of 4 points. The assessment of quality of life using a scale of “QOL” after surgical treatment was described by patients in the following way: “excellent”: in group 1 and 3 %, in group 2 and 7 %; “good”: in group 1 – 34 %, group 2 – 63 %; “satisfactory”: 3 % in both groups; “poor”: in group 1 – 50 %, group 2 – 15 %. These data confirm that resection of the deep dorsal vein of the penis statistically significantly (p < 0.0001) improves the quality of life of patients with vein-occlusive mechanism of erectile dysfunction. However, in group 2 due to the proposed preoperative planning and pathophysiologically due to the definition of specific indications for surgical intervention we achieved the best estimates of quality of life (p = 0.0108). Conclusion: Preoperative planning based on the application of dynamic computer cavernosography, provides a statistically significant (p = 0.0061) improvement of the results of resection of the deep dorsal vein of the penis in patients with vein-occlusive mechanism of ED.

The review article is devoted to the history and current state of radiation methods for diagnosis of arteriovenous erectile dysfunction. The indications, advantages and disadvantages of the diagnostic methods are presented. It is indicated that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography scan (CT scan) with intracavernous contrasting, which have the greatest sensitivity and specificity, are currently the optimal methods for radiation diagnosis of arteriovenous erectile dysfunction. (For citation: Kyzlasov PS, Kasymov BG, Al-Shukri SKh, et al. Radiation diagnostics of arteriovenous erectile dysfunction: history and development. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 2018;8(1):40-46. doi: 10.17816/uroved8140-46).