The COVID-19 pandemic has brought dramatic worldwide consequences affecting social, economic and healthcare systems. Considering that the number of infected patients requiring admission to intensive care units far exceeded the available resources, healthcare professionals have had to face challenging decisions concerning who should benefit from the limited resources and who should not. In this context, after a careful ethical reflection, we propose some principles to be adopted when dealing with allocation resource decisions, based on core ethical values. Ideally, these strategies should be established and integrated into institutional policies before a crisis scenario, in order to anticipate a potential new public health emergency and prevent possible tragic consequences.
O aumento atual da população idosa obriga a uma adequação constante dos cuidados de saúde e da atuação médica. As particularidades desta população levantam várias questões éticas que têm de ser discutidas num âmbito alargado, para melhorar a prestação de cuidados e facilitar a atuação médica aquando do surgimento de dilemas éticos. Neste contexto, uma das questões éticas mais frequentes prende-se com o respeito pela autonomia dos idosos, já que muitas vezes se associa a idade avançada à perda de capacidades físicas e psíquicas e, portanto, de autonomia. Porém, a idade, por si só, não determina a incapacidade de tomar decisões nem a vulnerabilidade. Ou seja, embora o contexto e as circunstâncias que rodeiam os idosos possam influenciar negativamente ou mesmo limitar a sua autonomia, o médico não pode assumir uma atitude paternalista e decidir pelo doente. O médico deve fazer um esforço especial para analisar e compreender a capacidade de decisão do doente e todo o contexto que o envolve, nomeadamente as suas vulnerabilidades, experiência de doença, perspetivas de vida e influência da família. Assim, o médico poderá utilizar este conhecimento para promover a capacidade de decisão do idoso, de modo a garantir autonomia, equidade e justiça para estes doentes. Além disso, promover a autonomia potencia também a participação ativa na comunidade, envelhecimento ativo e qualidade de vida. O médico de família tem um papel privilegiado e preponderante nesta tarefa. A sua proximidade, a possibilidade de contactos frequentes e prolongados no tempo e o conhecimento que tem das suas vidas, perspetivas e valores permitem a estes profissionais fomentar e promover a autonomia dos idosos.
Ethical standards in audiology have been continuously improved and discussed, leading to the elaboration of specific regulatory guidelines for the profession. However, in the field of auditory rehabilitation, audiologists are still faced with circumstances that question their ethical principles, usually associated with the support of the hearing aids industry. The study explores the decision-making process and ethical concerns in auditory rehabilitation as they relate to the practice of audiology in Portugal. An online questionnaire constructed by the authors was used and sent to the email addresses of a list of audiologists, registered with the Portuguese Association of Audiologists. The questionnaire was answered by 93 audiologists with clinical experience in auditory rehabilitation for more than one year. The collected data demonstrated that audiometric results and clinical experience are the most important factors for decision-making in auditory rehabilitation practice. Moreover, incentives from the employers or manufacturers were identified as the main cause of ethical dilemmas. This study highlights the ethical concerns regarding the clinical practice of auditory rehabilitation in Portugal, revealing that the decision-making process is complex and, specifically in this field, the current practice may not be adequate for effective compliance with professional ethical standards.
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