Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) is found in many parts of the world and cause readuced growth and yield in olive trees. In this study, investigations were carried out to measure the incidence (% infected leaves) and severity (number of lesions/leaf) of OLS in olive growing regions in Palestine, including the regions of Hebron,

Ion Exchange membrane technology (IEM) is a method that allowed a single extraction process and a single subsequent measurement of different elements that are available in soil. The values of the available forms of the different macroand micronutrients obtained by IEM extraction were compared with the values of the soluble form obtained by conventional extraction methods. In surface soil sample, the concentrations of available potassium, nitrate, phosphate, iron and boron were 37.7 mg·kg respectively.

This study aims at investigating the mechanisms of pollutants transport based on geological formations. The study classifies two sub-aquifers groups. The first group are wells which dogged within Senonian Abu Dis formation, and are mostly used extensively for municipal purposes. The second group are wells dogged with the most top Jerusalem-Hebron formation of Turonian age and mostly used frequently for irrigation purposes. The first group shows a high deteriorated water quality with ionic molar ratios bears the ratios from Wastewater stagnant in adjacent Zomar stream. The stream bed lays directly over Jerusalem formation which promotes the pollutant transport directly to the uptake zone. However, the effect of such stagnant become less in dilution time of winter. Septic tanks surrounded these wells are constructed within the top 5 meters of Senonian formation, which mean that the leakage from septic tanks is not that ease to significantly affect the groundwater quality. The second group are mostly subjected to direct rainfall infiltration this can be indicated through the higher Sodium values which are related to the ion exchange through limestone profile. The results emphasize the need for further procedures to mitigate the pollutants plume migration from Wadi to the surrounded environment.

The concern of this study is determine the quality of soil when irrigation used treated water and wastewater in comparison with soil irrigated with tap water on some chemical and physical soil properties. The experiment components were three trials carried out under greenhouse conditions, 10 pots for each trial. The first trial irrigated with tap water, the second trial irrigated by treated water and the third trial irrigated with wastewater. The experiment conducted to study the impact of water types on some soil physical and chemical properties. The experiment included important analysis for water and soil before and after irrigation. The results showed that the values for electrical conductivity (EC) were 0.850, 308 and 324 μs/cm for the treated soil with tap water, treated water and wastewater, respectively. The variation of pH values seems to be approximately constant between the different of water used. The percent of organic matter (OM) in soils receiving treated water and wastewater 4.7% and 5.2% respectively were higher than values in soil treated with tap water 3%. The same trend was in organic carbon (OC) in soils receiving treated water and wastewater 58.5% and 89% respectively, while soil treated with tap water showed the lowest value 27.7%. Soil particle density (SPD) increased significantly in both water treatments were the values was 2 g/cm 3 in tap water but increased value 2.8 g/cm 3 and 3.3 g/cm 3 in treated water and wastewater used respectively. The Bulk Density (BD) values range 1.1 g/cm 3 in soil irrigated with tap water 1.5 g/cm 3 in soil irrigated with treated water and 1.85 g/cm 3 in soil irrigated with treated water. The results of soil analysis before and after planting showed that most of the values increased for the physical and chemical soil properties.

In an attempt to evaluate the efficiency of sea water irrigation on plant growth and germination, five cultivars of lentil ILL4400, 5582, 5845, 5883 and 8006 were grown in sandy soil and irrigated with sea water of different salinity levels (Ec 0.9-12). Percent of germination, seedlings lengths and mean germination time were recorded. The results showed that all cultivars were able to germinate at different salinity levels. The germination percent was increased. The percent of seed germination was significantly higher in cultivars ILL8006 and ILL5883. Sea water of salinities Ec3 and Ec6 was ideal for irrigation without negative impacts on lentil germination and growth. At higher salinity (Ec12) the germination rate was reduced and the mean germination time was greater than that in lentil seeds irrigated with sea water of Ec 0.9-9.