The material of building stone in this picturesque nature is a valuable treasure in the hands of man, and the value of building stone that man discovered since ancient times is because he believes that this material is the truth that preserves his artistic achievements over time and reflects the face of civilization and the thought of peoples, and man has invested in stone caves and in The manufacture of hunting and self-defense tools, and he used them in their basic function to bear the weights in building his dwellings, cities, and temples, and in the details also in the walls, ceilings, knots, doors, windows, stone columns, their bases, and muqarnas. And when we start today the stage of architectural design, we touch on the art of architecture and full knowledge of all the technical details in order to succeed in this work, and we read about the history of the architecture of civilizations and peoples for thousands of years and the stages of their development until our modern era, which reflected their religious and social philosophy and its continuous development, and it is a science that combines the past And the present with its primary components and has an extension and has no limits. It is the science of the building block over time that left us diligence to delve into this field, especially in our field of work after we left the academic period. The science of building stone reflects the civilized and cultural face of the peoples in general and the Arab peoples in particular.

This research aimed at tracking and investigating the evolution and development of domes construction, design, sizes, shapes, used materials, and functions of the domes during the different eras of the Islamic architecture. To achieve the research's objectives, the study used the descriptive, analytical and historical methods to deepen and enriching understanding the value and the aesthetic features of the domes, and the used instructional methods, how they were developed from bricks, stones, to reinforced concreted covering wider spans of the mosque to provide good view to the Mihrab and to see the speaker. In addition, the research used a case study dome of Mosque King Abdullah Ben Al-Hussein to learn useful lessons from some of the tumbles in the construction of the dome during the construction and after the usage, including sound distortion and echo resulting from lack of adherence with the golden percentage, between the dome's height and width of the mosque. Finally, the research based on the review of the previous domes construction introducing some recommendations to the designers of the domes, the most important to sustain the beauty and significance of the domes without imitation of other domes rather through carefully study the internal and external constraints to reach the optimal result at cost effectiveness. Introduction:This research aims to shed light on the evolution and development of the domes in Islamic architecture, and to know forms of the domes in their appropriate structural position, either in the religious buildings or housing building. This requires following-up the historical buildings that have been found from the excavations in the previous eras and known civilizations which our Arabic and Islamic regions are rich of them. The Islamic domes are influenced by the architecture of these civilizations and nations, but at the end they took special feature specific to them. Forms and decorations of the domes were multiple in the Islamic countries, either inside or outside the dome. Multiple geometrical and plants drawings were used, in addition to the Kuranic verses. The Islamic domes have reached high level of superiority from the structured and the architectural sides and became important constructional element in covering the religious buildings.

In many buildings, the roof is a major element that gives the building its distinctive profile .The main purpose of a roof is to protect the building or the house in all types of weather with a minimum of maintenance .a roof must be strong to with stand snow and wind loads. Another consideration is appearance .a roof should add to the attractiveness of the building roof styles are used to create different architectural effects. This paper reports a study on flat roof systems include the layers of structural elements of the roof, types of finish used, flashing, roof edging, drainage, and other details associated with the roof.   © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association

In many buildings, the roof is a major element that gives the building its distinctive profile .The main purpose of a roof is to protect the building or the house in all types of weather with a minimum of maintenance .a roof must be strong to with stand snow and wind loads. Another consideration is appearance .a roof should add to the attractiveness of the building roof styles are used to create different architectural effects. This paper reports a study on flat roof systems include the layers of structural elements of the roof, types of finish used, flashing, roof edging, drainage, and other details associated with the roof. © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association