Recognizing the importance of generating and disseminating innovation for the social and economic development of capitalist countries and the systemic, institutional, and historical nature of this process, this paper emphasizes the need to deal with innovation in

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Purpose After nearly 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, even though a vast body of knowledge and products (including vaccines and treatments) have been developed and disseminated, the virus is still evolving and new variants arising. Consequently, thousands of lives continue to be lost. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) are promising drugs that emerged to treat SARS-CoV-2. In the uncertainty of the current situation, there is the question of whether organizations should continue to invest in this technology. To help decision-making in scientifical and pharmaceutical organizations, it is of major importance to monitor the development of products and technologies. Therefore, the aim of this study is analyze the landscape of nAbs for COVID-19. Methods The scenario of 473 biotherapeutics focusing on nAbs was evaluated using foresight techniques and a review of literature. Data were obtained from structured and semi-structured databases and processed for treatment, cleaning, consistency, validation, and enrichment. Results We identified 227 nAbs and performed an extensive literature review of 16 nAbs in late clinical development, including development technologies, responses to variants of concern (VOCs), manufacturing, and clinical aspects. Conclusions Even though the emergence of new VOCs is a threat to the effectiveness of this treatment, demanding constant genomic surveillance, the use of nAbs to treat and prevent COVID-19 will probably continue to be relevant due to excellent safety profiles and the possibility of immediate immunity transfer, especially in patients showing inadequate immunological response to vaccination. Therefore, we suggest that organizations should keep investing in improvements in this technology.

Para a economia evolucionária, a mudança tecnológica está diretamente relacionada à dinâmica da estrutura industrial e de competição, à organização interna das empresas e à relação das empresas com seus clientes, outras empresas, governo e/ou centros de pesquisa e universidades. Enquanto alguns autores têm enfatizado o papel das mudanças incrementais, outros autores têm examinado o papel das mudanças radicais. Através do modelo de equilíbrio pontuado, este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso sobre a evolução da tecnologia em poliolefinas, de maneira a discutir a natureza dos processos de mudança tecnológica, e como estes processos estão relacionados à evolução industrial e ao comportamento de empresas novas e estabelecidas.