Abstract. Estrogen mediates fast signal responses or transcriptional events via G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). However, there is no data on the effect of GPER1 on lung cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. The present study aimed to analyze the anticancer effects of the GPER1 agonist G-1 on A549 human lung cancer cells. A549 cells were treated with 17β-estradiol and G-1, and cell proliferation was analyzed using MTT and WST assays. In addition, the apoptotic effects induced by G-1 were investigated using acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. A549 cells were treated with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of G-1 for 72 h, and nitric oxide (NO) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities were analyzed by spectrophotometry. The results revealed that G-1 significantly decreased cell proliferation. In addition to the antiprolif erative effect of G-1, a marked increase in apoptotic activity was observed when cells were treated with 2x10-5 M G-1. Furthermore, G-1 increased NO levels, and SOD and GPx activity. These findings indicate that the GPER1 agonist G-1 is able to exert antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on A549 cells, and that oxidant and antioxidant molecules may mediate these effects.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the preoperative level of serum leptin in cesarean section (C-section) patients with and without acute labor pain and its association with postoperative analgesic consumption and preoperative pain threshold. Materials and Methods: Preoperative leptin levels, preoperative pain threshold, postoperative analgesic consumption in the first 24 h, and postoperative pain severity (visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively) in C-section patients with labor pain (emergency C-section; n = 21) and without labor pain (elective C-section; n = 25) were compared. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the demographic characteristics. Leptin levels, postoperative VAS scores, and analgesic consumption were significantly higher in the group with labor pain, while the preoperative pain threshold was lower. Serum leptin levels correlated negatively with pain threshold and positively with postoperative analgesic consumption. Multiple linear regression analyses in our study revealed that the preoperative leptin levels and having an emergency C-section independently affected the postoperative analgesic consumption and preoperative pain threshold, whereas their combined effects on these parameters were statistically not significant. Conclusion: Preoperative levels of serum leptin were higher in C-section patients with labor pain than in those without labor pain, and increased serum leptin levels were associated with decreased preoperative pain threshold and increased postoperative analgesic consumption in our study population. Postoperative analgesic requirements may vary among patients, and their requirements might be predicted using preoperative indicators. Serum levels of leptin might be one such indicator and this warrants further studies with larger sample sizes.

ÖzetNeocallimastix sp. ve polisentrik Orpinomyces sp. 12 ticari karbon kaynağı ve 11 bitkisel karbon kaynağı üzerinde geliştirilerek β-1,4-endoglukanaz, β-1,4-endoksilanaz, β-glukosidaz, β-ksilosidaz üretimleri belirlenmiştir. Enzimler üçüncü günden itibaren besi ortamında toplanmış, en yüksek selülaz aktivite değerleri Neocallimastix sp. ve Orpinomyces sp. 'de sırasıyla karboksimetil selüloz ve tekstil atığından elde edilmiştir. Kolay fermente edilebilen şekerler selüloz üretimini 0.5 U/ml altında kalmasına neden olmuştur. Ksilanaz en yüksek Neocallimastix sp. 'nin karboksimetil selüloz kültüründe, Orpinomyces sp. 'nin fruktoz, maltoz, sükroz, laktoz ve avisel kültürlerinde tespit edilmiş, ayrıca yonca her iki fungus içinde ksilanaz aktivitesini en üst düzeye çıkarmıştır. Neocallimastix sp. 'de b-glikosidaz ve b-ksilosidaz üretimi Orpinomyces sp. 'ye göre daha fazla olmuştur. İnulin her iki fungus tarafından fermente edilse de fungal gelişimleri dolayısıyla da enzim üretimlerini olumsuz etkileyen tek substrat olmuştur. Ksilanazın sürekli salgılanma doğası anaerobik fungusların konak hayvanın hemiselülozdan faydalanmasında önemli rol oynadığını göstermektedir.Anahtar sözcükler : Neocallimastix, Orpinomyces, Selülaz, Ksilanaz, β-glukosidaz, β-ksilosidaz Effects of Carbon Sources on Enzyme Production ofNeocallimastix sp. ve Orpinomyces sp. SummaryNeocallimastix sp. and Orpinomyces sp. was grown by using 12 commercial carbon sources and 11 plant carbon sources. β-1,4-endoglucanase, β-1,4-endoxylanase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase synthesis by these fungi were determined. Enzymes accumulated on culture medium after three days. The maximum cellulase activities of Neocallimastix sp. and Orpinomyces sp. was observed in the cultures of carboxymethyl cellulose and textile waste, respectively. In the cultures of readily fermentable sugars, cellulase activity was under 0.5 U/ml. Xylanase activity was found to be maximum in carboxymethyl cellulose culture of Neocallimastix sp. However maximum xylanase activities of Orpinomyces sp. was found in fructose, maltose, sucrose, lactose and avicel cultures. Xylanase production of both fungi was also induced by alfalfa hay. Neocallimastix sp. produced more β-glicosidase and β-xylosidase than Orpinomyces sp. Inulin was fermented by both fungi, however inulin was the only substrate that caused poor growth and enzyme production. The continuous secretion of xylanase reflected the role of anaerobic fungi in hemicellulose degradation in host animal. Keywords

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