Se parte de considerar la ciudadanía como un concepto dinámico y relacional: una práctica orientada al desarrollo de capacidades y poderes colectivos para la creatividad, la acción y la transformación social. Desde esta perspectiva, realizamos un estudio basado en entrevistas en profundidad a 14 informantes, cuya finalidad es explorar los discursos y procesos a través de los que se define y pone en juego la ciudadanía. El análisis del contenido de las entrevistas nos permite profundizar en sus opiniones y experiencias en torno a los significados y el aprendizaje de la ciudadanía. Los resultados que presentamos en este trabajo se centran en este último aspecto: cómo se aprende, a través de qué referentes, cuáles son las motivaciones para actuar y cómo se educa. Asimismo, se ofrecen algunas propuestas tendentes a facilitar una educación ciudadana comprometida con el cambio social.
Presentamos el estudio de la fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario 'Community of Inquiry' (CoI) en su versión española. El modelo CoI concibe la enseñanza-aprendizaje en entornos on-line como proceso de indagación, a través del cual los participantes colaboran en el discurso y reflexión crítica para construir conocimiento personal y llegar a un entendimiento mutuo. Consecuentemente, el modelo CoI identifica la presencia de tres dimensiones: a) la presencia cognitiva, referida al grado en que los participantes son capaces de construir significado y conocimiento a través de la comunicación continua, la reflexión y la discusión; b) la social, definida como la habilidad de los participantes de identificarse con la comunidad, comunicarse y desarrollar relaciones interpersonales; c) la docente, referida al diseño, guía y dirección, por parte del profesorado, de procesos cognitivos y sociales con el propósito de lograr resultados de aprendizaje significativos en los estudiantes. La validación del cuestionario en el contexto de enseñanza a distancia español muestra resultados satisfactorios desde el punto de vista de la validez de constructo y la fiabilidad como consistencia interna, confirmando la utilidad e interés de este instrumento en investigaciones que pretendan analizar y mejorar el desarrollo de procesos educativos a través de comunidades de indagación. We present the study of the reliability and validity of the 'Community of Inquiry' (CoI) survey in its Spanish version. The CoI model conceives teaching-learning in on-line environments as a process of inquiry, through which the participants collaborate in the discourse and critical reflection to build personal knowledge and reach a mutual understanding. Consequently, the CoI model identifies the presence of three dimensions: a) the cognitive presence, referred to the degree to which the participants are capable of constructing meaning and knowledge through continuous communication, reflection and discussion; b) the social presence, defined as the ability of participants to identify with the community, communicate and develop interpersonal relationships; c) the teaching presence, referred to the design, guidance and direction, on the part of the faculty, of cognitive and social processes with the purpose of achieving significant learning results in the students. The validation of the survey in the context of Spanish distance learning shows satisfactory results from the point of view of construct validity and reliability as internal consistency, confirming the usefulness and interest of this instrument in investigations that seek to analyze and improve the development of educational processes through communities of inquiry.
Equity and equal opportunities in education are objectives present in the legislative frameworks of the countries of the European Union. One of the indicators used par excellence to guarantee the fulfillment of these objectives is the Early Leaving from Education and Training (ELET). In recent years the level of abandonment has decreased in countries such as Spain and Portugal, scenarios of our study. However, due to the complexity of abandonment processes, we cannot attribute it to a single cause. Our interest is to analyze it from the school experience: how the ESL is lived and how a school is thought to guarantee the success of all. To do this, we gather the perspective of the young people who star in it, through life stories, in-depth interviews and focus groups. In the narrative of the students about their stage of schooling, the practices of attention to diversity are translated into experiences of exclusion. In the mass school, school failure and segregation are frequent forms of response to diversity. Resources and learning conditions continue to be marked by deficiencies, particularly among those in situations of greater social vulnerability. The theoretical level where the regulation of the educational system moves tries to favor the capacity and motivation to learn. However, the practice is driven by other inertia that explain what happens in schools from the logic of accumulation and competition, leaving aside the commitment to equity.
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